nwvl ivc ieiqhws dI inrmwxkwrI: a~qr-bsqIvwdI pirpyK
(mnmohn bwvw dy nwvlW ‘Xu`Dnwd’ Aqy ‘Xu`g-AMq’ dy hwvly nwl)
fw.surjIq isMG
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au~qr-bsqIvwd mu`K qOr ‘qy bsqIvwdI dOr ivc bsqIkwrI qwkqW duAwrw bsqIAW dy ieiqhws Aqy igAwn nUM inXMqirq krn, inSikRA bxwaux, ies dI hoNd nUM mUloN hI nkwrx jW nysqonwbUd krn dI rxnIqI dy ivroD ivc aus igAwn Aqy ieiqhws nUM muV Kojx, aus dw dubwrw qoN mu`L pvwax, aus dI mOilkqw Aqy ivl`Kxqw au~qy zor dyx Aqy bsqIvwdI AnuBv dy ipCokV ivc nvyN sMswr Aqy mnu`KI sMbMDW dw nkSw iqAwr krn nUM smripq is`DWq hY[ bsqIvwd smyN dIAW s`qw-ivroDI lihrW Aqy ivcwrDwrwvW qoN lY ky pUrv Ajoky smyN ivc bsqIkwrI mulkW ivc ijauN rhy qIjI dunIAW dy dySW dy mUl invwsIAW dI Akwdimk dwieirAW ivc d^lAMdwzI nUM ies ivc Swiml kIqw jw skdw hY[ ies kotI ivc qIjI dunIAW dy mulkW dy AnuBv, idRStI Aqy pCwx dI pRiqinDqw krn vwly swihq dI SYlIgq ivl`Kxqw Aqy aus dI nvyN pirpyK ivc ivAwiKAw dw ivSyS sQwn hY[ ieMJ ieh swihq nUM mihj swihqkqw jW iksy ivSvivAwpI shj-Swsqr dy dwiery ivcoN k`F ky ivSyS smwj, siBAwcwr, rwjnIqI Aqy ieiqhws dy vfyry svwlW dy pirpyK ivc r`K ky smJx Aqy ivAwiKAwaux vwlw is`DWq mMinAW jWdw hY[ ies dy is`DWqk cOKty ivc au~qr-sMrcnwvwd dy pRvcn ivSlySx qoN lY ky ivl`KxqwvW au~qy zor dyx vwly au~qr-AwDinkvwd qoN leIAW AMqridRStIAW Swiml hn[ au~qr ivcwrDwrwvW nwl joV ky ies dI Awlocnw pyS krn vwly icMqk eyjwz Aihmd ny ies dIAW sMBwvnwvW aupr sMdyh kridAW mSvrw id`qw hY ik jdoN qk au~qr-bsqIvwdI is`DWq Ajoky sMswr ivc nv-bsqIvwdI s`qw dI rwjnIqI Aqy ies duArw auqpMn mn`uKI siQqI nUM Awpxy icMqn dw Bwg nhIN bxwauNdw audoN qk iesdy pRiqroDI rwjnIqk dwAvy inrmUl hn[ aus Anuswr ies ivc AjokI nv-bsqIvwdI siQqI Aqy igAwn au~pr ies dI pkV nUM sMboiDq hoxw loVINdw hY[ eyjwz Aihmd ilKdw hY ik:
jy au~qr-bsqIvwdI is`DWq Awpxy rwjnIqk dwAivAW bwry s`cm`c gMBIr hY Aqy ies dI mnSw hY ik ieh bsqIvwdI dOr Aqy bsqIvwd dy ^qm hox qoN bwAd dIAW dovW siQqIAW bwry icMqn pyS krygw qW ies nUM sB qoN pihlW ies g`l dw ieiqhwsk ibrqWq isrjxw pvygw ik swmrwjI s`qw ny AwpxIAW bsqIAW au~qy AiDkwr dy ^qm hox auprMq Awpxy Awp nUM muuV sMgiTq kridAW i&r qoN Awpxw Zlbw ikvyN sQwipq kIqw ikvyN kIqw[2][
ieMJ au~qr-bsqIvwdI is`DWq nUM nv-bsqIvwdI s`qw dy inrMqr pwswr Aqy pUrblIAW bsqIAW dy smwj, siBAwcwr, rwjnIqI Aqy igAwn au~qr aus dy vD rhI iskdwrI Aqy ies dy pRBwvW nUM Awpxy sMklpI-pRbMD dw ih`sw bxwauxw pvygw[ ieh vI ik Bwrq vrgIAW pUrv-bsqIAW dIAW hwkm jmwqW ny jdoN ^ud hI nv-bsqIvwd dI ADIngI BrI BweIvwlI nUM AwpxI hoNd dI Srq dy qOr qy svIkwr krI bYTIAW hn qW svwl pYdw huMdw hY ik au~qr-bsqIvwdI icMqn nUM ivkisq krn dI izMmyvwrI iks look smUh dI hovygI[ nwl hI ieh svwl vI KVHw huMdw hY ik kI au~qr-bsqIvwd ienHW lok-smUhW dI rwjsI AkWiKAw muqwibk rUpWqirq hox dI smr`Qw Aqy sMBwvnw r`Kdw hY ik nhIN? ieh svwl ies krky vI mh`qvpUrx hn ik bsqIvwdI dOr qoN bwAd bsqIvwd iv`ruD sMGrS krn vwlIAW jmwqW ny AwpxI s`qw nUM p`ky pYrI krn dy inihq mnorQ kwrx smwj dy vwijb AwDinkIkrx nUM Awpxw kdy eyjMfw hI nhIN bxwieAw[ ies dy is`ty vjoN bsqIvwdI dOr ivc pYdw hoeI sIimq pr pRiqroDI cyqnw pRmwixk AwDuink rwStrvwdI cyqnw qoN AxiB`j hI rhI hY[ iesy leI &Oj, inAWpwilkw Aqy lok-pRSwsn dy nwl nwl iv`idAk pRbMD bsqIvwdI sMrcnwvW qoN kdy vI pUrI qrW mukq nhIN ho sikAw[ ies leI au~qr-bsqIvwdI ieiqhwskwrI dy pRwjYkt dy nypry cVHn leI zrUrI hY ik bsqIvwd qoN mukq hox auprMq bsqIvwdI sMrcnwvW dI inrMqrqw dI inSwndyhI kIqI jwvy[ ies leI swnUM ieh mMn ky c`lxw pvygw ik bsqIvwd dy pRq`K ^wqmy auprMq vI au~qr-bsqIvwdI dOr ivc bsqIvwdI sMrcnwvW pUrI BrpUrqw nwl kwrjSIl rhIAW hn[ ieMJ au~qr-bsqIvwdI dOr ivc bsqIvwdI ieiqwskwrI dI pCwx Awpxy Awp ivc mu`Flw kwrj bx jWdw hY jy AsIN au~qr-bsqIvwdI is`DWq nUM AwpxIAW Tos siQqIAW dy pRsMg ivc muV icqvn dw ih`sw bxwauxw hY[
pItr cweIlfz Aqy Awr.jy.pYtirk ivlIAmz ny au~qr-bsqIvwd bwry smucI bihs nMU smoNidAW Aqy ismytidAW ies nUM iek hkIkq jW siQqI dI bjwey iek sMBwvnw jW AwdrS dy rUp ivc svIkwr krn dw suJwA id`qw hY[3] [ aus ny gwie`qrI sipvk dy kQn nwl sihmqI drsweI hY ik ‘AsIN A`j k`lH au~qr-bsqIvwdI nv-bsqIvwdI dOr ivcoN ijauN rhy hW’[4][ ies qoN Bwv hY ik pRmwixk au~qr-bsqIvwdI cyqnw hwly iek sMBwvnW hI hY Aqy jdoN qk nv-bsqIvwdI s`qw rwjsI-AwriQk Aqy smwijk-siBAwcwrk sMrcnwvW au~qy hwvI hY audoN q`k pRmwixk au~qr-bsqIvwdI siQqI Aqy cyqnw Biv`K ivc pRwpq kIqw jwx vwlw AwdrS hI hY[ cweIfz ny nwl hI au~qr-bsqIvwdI is`DWq ivc mOjUd ivSvivAwpIkrn dIAW sImwvW v`l vI iDAwn dvwieAw hY[ aus ny iksy is`DWq ivclIAW smu`cqwmKI (totalizing) sMBwvnwvW nUM vI iek iksm dy muV bsqIkrn dI Alwmq mMnidAW ies qoN scyq rihx dw mSvrW id`qw hY[ ieMJ au~qr-bsqIvwd dy ivSvivAwpI srUp Aqy siBAwcwr-kOm swpyK srUp dw pRSn bVw mh`qvpUrx hY[ au~qr-bsqIvwd dy ivSvivAwpI srUp ivclIAW smu`cqwvwdI sMBwvnwvW dy snmuK swpyKqwmuKI au~qr-bsqIvwdI is`DWq dIAW sMBwvnwvW au~qy vDyry zor id`qw jwxw bxdw hY[
cweIlf ny au~qr-bsqIvwd dy kwilk pwswr bwry ivcwr kridAW ies g`l au~qy zor id`qw hY ik ies pRsMg ivc ieiqhws Awpxy Awp ivc hI iek mu`dw hY[ ieiqhws dy is`DWqIkrn, vrgIkrx, ibrqWq Aqy lyKx dy qrIky vI ivcwrxXog hn[ aus Answr pC`m ny AwpxIAW bsqIAW dy iksy iksm dy ieiqhws dI hoNd qoN jW qW ienkwr kIqw hY Aqy nwl hI aus ieiqhws nUM pRiqibMbq krn vwly siBAwcwrW dw mlIAwmyt kr id`qw hY[ ieMJ auu~qr-bsqIvwdI is~DWq dw iek zrUrI kMm ienW dysI Aqy sQwnk ieiqhwsW dI muV qoN Koj krnI Aqy aunHW dw dubwrw qoN m`ul pvwauxw hY[5][
Bwrq Aqy ivSyS krky pMjwb ivc ieiqhwskwrI dy srUp bwry ivcwr krIey qW spSt nzr Aw jWdw hY ik ies dy rUp Aqy swr ivc auh rUpWqrx nhIN vwpry ijhVy suqMqrqw auprMq jW auu~qr-bsqIvwdI dOr ivc rwStrI nv-inrmwx dI pRikirAw dOrwn vwprxy zrUrI sn[ swfI ieiqhwskwrI dw mu`F bsqIvwdI dOr ivc b`Jdw hY Aqy ieh suBwivk hI rwStrI mukqI AMdoln Aqy aus smyN dIAW zmInI hkIkqW Aqy rwjsI-ivcwrDwrk AMqr-ivroDW ‘qy pRSnW qoN pRyirq rhI hY[ bsqIvwdI rwjsI s`qw duAwrw swfy ieiqhws dw ivrUpx kIqw jw irhw sI Aqy ies nUM XUrpI romWsvwd ADINn GtnwvW dw Aijhw sMgRih bxw ky pyS kIqw jw irhw sI ijs ivc qbdIlI Aqy pRgqI dI AxhoNd sI[ bsqIvwdI idRStIkox qoN swfw ieiqhws hwrW, nmoSIAW Aqy ivcwrDwrk jVqw dw ieiqhws sI[ bsqIvwdI ipCokV vwly mwnvSwsqrIAW ny swfy siBAwcwrk Aqy lokDwrweI fwty ivc ivSyS idlcspI leI Aqy BwrqI smwj nUM jwqW Aqy DrmW dI iq`KI vMf Aqy ivroDW Bry smwj vjoN pyS kIqw[ aunHW ny smwijk vKryivAW nUM inrpyK ivroDW dy rUp ivc pyS kIqw[ ies dy ivroD ivc bsqIvwdI dOr ivc dy rwStrI mukqI AMdoln dI ivcwrDwrw dy ieiqhwskwrW ny Bwrq dy ieiqhws nUM mhwn pRwpqIAW Aqy gOrv SwlI
vIhvIN sdI dy rwStrI suqMqrqw AMdolnW dI s&lqw nwl bsqIvwd dy ^wqmy dw supnw ^wmi^AwlI swibq ho c`ukw hY[ bsqIvwd dI nw qW s`qw dw AMq hoieAw hY Aqy nw hI bsqIvwdI pRvcn dI iskdwrI ^qm hoeI hY[ bsqIvwd dI Zir&q ivcoN inkly dySW dIAW s`qwvwn jmwqW ny AwpxI izMdgI nUM lmyrw krn leI muV nv-bsqIvwdI SkqIAW dI ADIngI svIkwr kr leI hY Aqy aunHW dy ieSwirAW au~pr nIqI inrmwx anHW dI BgqI dw pRmwx hY[ ieMJ l`gx l`g ipAw hY ik aunHW ny rwStr inrmwx leI imly lMmy vk&y dOrwn jo buinAwdI FWcw auswirAw hY auh vI Asl ivc Awm jnqw dIAW zrUrqW dI bjwey mihj pUMjIvwd Aqy s`nAqIkrn dIAW zrUrqW Anuswr hI ivauNiqAw igAw sI[ sDwrx lokweI dy jIvn ivc jo pirvrqn Awey hn auh dujYly pRBwv hI hn[ Bwrq dy ipMfW, ksibAW jW Coty SihrW Aqy mYtro Aqy v`fy SihrW ivc auplbD shUlqW dw &rk ies g`l dw pRmwx hY[ ies g`l nUM swibq krn leI ikMny hI sbUq Aqy dlIlW id`qIAW jw skdIAW hn pr ie~Qy swfw mksd ieh drswauxw hI hY ik bwhrI bsqIvwd dy ^wqmy auprMq AMdrUnI bsqIvwd ny rwStr inrmwx dy nwm ‘qy Bwrq dy SrIr Aqy Awqmw nUM ies kdr kYd kIqw hY ik Bwrq dy Avwm nMU ies qoN pwr jwx Aqy ies qoN mukq hox dI zrrq hI mihsUs hoxI bMd ho geI hY[
ieMJ hI ies smyN dOrwn AqIq dI ijs qrHW qsvIrkSI AiDkwirk ieiqhwsW Aqy pwT-pusqkW ivc hoeI hY auh vI q`qkwlI rwjnIqk SkqIAW jW s`qwvwn ih`qW dI pUrqI krn vwlI hY[ ijvyN Bwrq dy BOiqk ivkws dIAW pRwpqIAW ivc sDwrx ikrqI, hyTlI m`DSRyxI Aqy inmn-ikswnI dI ih`sydwrI bymwlUm ijhI hY auvyN hI ibjleI swDnW dAwrw isrjy gey idRS qy Awvwz-jgq ivc swDnhIx lokW dI koeI qsvIr ‘qy aunHW dy Awpxy bol jW qW hY nhIN Aqy jW i&r DuMdly Aqy m`Dm hn[ ies jgq dI iksmq kdy kdy K`ulHdI hY jdoN ies ibMb-sMswr ivc aunHW nMU pySkrnXog (representable) smJ ilAw jWdw hY Aqy s`qwvwn Aqy hor BwrU iDrW dy suhj-svwd Aqy mUf mqwibk aunHW dI qsvIr Aqy bol pyS kIqy jWdy hn[ A`j k`lH Bwrq srkwr ienHW dIAW klwvW Aqy kwrIgrI nUM ivSv tUirzm dI mwrkIt ivc iek ivkxXog vsq vjoN pyS krn dI iqAwrI ivc l`gI hoeI hY[ies dI ieMqhw hY ienHW idnW ivc grInhMt EprySn ADIn jMglW ivc sdIAW qoN vsdy lokW nUM aujwVnw Aqy aunHW dy ivroD nMU rwj dy i^lw& ihMsw dy qOr ‘qy pyS krnw[
nv-pUMjIvwd dy ADIn srmwey dy pwr rwStrI vhwE dy snmuK mnu`Kqw nvyN iksm dy pRSnW, vMgwrW, Aqy sMktW drimAwn iGrI hoeI hY[jnqw dw ArwjsIkrn (apolitisisation) Aqy iekrUpIkrn (homogenization) ies iksm dy srmwey dy cir`qrk l`Cx hn[ ieh srmwey dI AwpxI rwjnIqI dI tyk lokW nUM ieiqhws qoN bymuK krn (dehistorification) Aqy ivdrohI ivcwrDwrw qoN sKxy krn dIAW koiSSW aupr hY[ Aijhy smyN jdoN rwStrI h`dW bwzwr dI grmI ivc ipGl rhIAW hox Aqy siBAwcwrk pCwxW ieko smyN aupBogqwvwdI ivrUpx dw iSkwr ho rhIAW hox Aqy sMprdwiek-Kyqrvwd dI gir&q ivc suMgV rhIAW hox qW mnu`Kqw dI byhqrI dI lVweI dw pihlw plYt&wrm kOmI-pCwx Aqy ^udmu^qwrI Awid nwl juVy hoey msly bx jWdy hn[ ivAwpk mnu`KI- AwzwdI Aqy smwnqw dy pirpyK qoN ibnW ienHW msilAW nUM nij`Tx dw koeI vI jqn ies kdr iqlkxbwjI vwlw huMdw hY ik pCwx Aqy AwzwdI dy nwm au`qy kIqw jw irhw koeI sMGrS sOKy hI mnu`Kqw dy iKlw& Bugq skdw huMdw hY[Aijhy smyN kOmI-pCwx Aqy ^udmu^qwrI dy msilAW nUM nvyN isirEN pirBwiSq krn dI loV pYdw huMdI hY[iesy krky Aj ieiqhws, ivcwrDwrw, rwjnIqI Aqy ivl`Kxqw bwry aus qrHW isD p`Dry qrIky nwl nhIN soicAw jw skdw ijvyN ik pihlW soc ky sr jWdw sI[
‘ivSvIkrn Aqy BwrqI nwvl’ ivSy au`qy pypr pVHidAW BwrqI AMgryzI swihq dI pRisD ivdvwn fw. jsbIr jYn ny ikhw sI ik ivSvIkrn dy Xug ivc AwpxIAW h`dW nUM bcwaux leI h`dW aulMGxIAW pYNdIAW hn[ kihx dw Bwv ieh sI ik AwpxI kOmI pCwx dI r`iKAw leI zrUrI hY ik AsIN AwpxI smJ, icMqn Aqy ivhwr dIAW sImwvW nUM pwr krIey[AsIN jy scmuc kOmI pCwx Aqy ^udmu^qwrI bwry Aqy ies dy nwl ivAwpk mnu`KI-AwzwdI Aqy smwnqw dy msly bwry suihrd hW qW swnUM Awpxy ieiqhws, ivcwrDwrw, rwjnIqI Aqy kOmI-ivl`Kxqw dy mu`idAW bwry nv-icMqn pYdw krnw pvygw qwik swfI soc qy srgrmI ACoply hI sMprdwiekqw, Kyqrvwd Aqy AMq &wSIvwdI svY-au`qmqw dy Bwv dy ^qirAW qoN bcI rhy[ Ajoky smyN pMjwbI icMqn Aqy cyqnw dIAW sImwvW ivcoN iek pRmu`K sImW jgIrU Aqy burjUAw rucIAW duAwrw gRihxI hoeI ieiqhws- cyqnw hY[ ies cyqnw nUM luq& dyx vwlw ieiqhws ijs qrHW dw romWs qy AwdrSvwd pYdw krdw hY, aus dIAW jVW jwqI Aqy sMprdwiek Awqm-AiBmwn ivc hn[ Xwd rhy ik AijhI ieiqhwskwrI bsqIvwdI dOr ivc rwStrI suqMqrqw AMdoln smyN rwStr svYAiBmwn dI r`iKAw dI iek jgq sI[ ies dw srUp r`iKAwqmk jW bcwauvwdI sI[ iehI nhIN ies dw srUp Aqy swr bsqIvwdI igAwn duAwrw inrDwirq sI Aqy ieh bsqIvwdI ieiqhwskwrI dw hI iek in`k-rUp jW ivsqwr sI[ prMqU swmrwjI bsqIvwd qoN bwAd AijhI ieqhws cyqnw dw rwStrvwdI bdl isrjx dI zrUrq sI qwik ies AMdrly pRiqikirAwqmk q`q dw inkws ho skdw[ ies iksm dy ieiqhws qoN iv`Q sQwipq krn leI swnUM ieiqhws nUM nvyN isirEN Kojxw-prKxw pvygw, BwrU ieiqhwsk-pRvcn dy Q`ly dbw id`qy gey ieiqhws dIAW guAwcIAW qMdW nUM muV l`Bxw pvygw qy Awpxy Awp nUM jn-ieiqhws nwl sbMiDq krnw pvygw ij`Qy ik swfIAW lokqMqrI ibrqIAW vwly sMGrS dIAW jVW mOjUd hn[ pMjwbI isrjxwqmkqw ies vMgwr nUM kbUldI hoeI nzr pYNdI hY[ ies dw pRmwx ieh hY ik pMjwbI dy smkwlI swihqk idRS ivc nwvl dy auBwr dI Gtnw vwpr rhI hY[AsIN Awpxy msilAW dI qih qk jwx Aqy ieiqhws nUM muV pVcolx dy rsqy pey hoey hW[ mnmohn bwvw dw hwl hI ivc pRkwiSq hoieAw nwvl ‘Xu`Dnwd’ ieiqhws nwl dsqpMjw lYx vwlw nwvl hY ijs ivc ausny iskMdr-pors dy smyN bwry sQipq ieiqhwsk pRvcn nUM r`d kIqw hY Aqy iek smwnWqr jn-ieiqhwsk pRvcn auswirAw hY[
mnmohn bwvw dy nwvl ‘Xu`Dnwd’ dw pRkwSn pMjwbI nwvl dy ieiqhws ivc iek mh`qvpUrx Gtnw hY[ ies Gtnw dw mh`qv iek qoN vDyry g`lW krky hY[ieh nwvl AwpxI pRmwixk ieiqhws-idRStI, kRWqIkwrI rwjsI-pujISn, ivcwrDwrw, smkwlI swrQkqw, srbkwlI ArQ-sMBwvnw, sugiTq ibrqWq-Xojnw, poRF ivDw-cyqnw, Aqy pMjwbIAq dy ivl`Kx sMklp krky mh`qvpUrx hY[ ieh nwvl ieko smyN dwrSink gihrweI vwlw vI hY Aqy inraucyc BwSweI sMcwr dI smr`Qw vwlw vI[ ies dw QImk jgq AqIq dy ieiqhwsk, imiQhwsk Aqy lokDwrweI vyrivAW ivcoN Awkwr gRihx krdw hY pr ieh AqIqmuKI nhIN[ iesny pMjwbI nwvl dI ivDwgq-sMklpnw ivc vI kuJ nvW joiVAw hY Aqy smkwl dy bhuiBMn sMktW qy vMgwrW dy snmuK pMjwb Aqy pMjwbIAq dy sMklp ivc vI kuJ AijhIAW DwrxwvW joV id`qIAW hn ijnHW nwl AsIN Awpxy AqIq, vrqmwn Aqy Biv`K nUM vI shI pirpyK ivc r`K ky smJx dy smr`Q ho skdy hW[
ies nwvl dI ivDI ieiqhwsk nwvl dI ivDI hY[ ieh nwvl eIsw-pUrv cOQI sdI dI Aw^rI cOQweI dOrwn iskMdr dy Bwrq aupr hmly, iskMdr-pors Xu`D, dohW dy AwpsI smJOqy qoN bwAd iskMdr dIAW &OjI muihMmW Aqy AMq iskMdr duAwrw Bwrq nUM ij`qx dy Awpxy supny nUM ADUrw C`f ky vwps muV jwx aprMq cMdr gupq mOrIAw dy mgD smrwt bxn dIAW iqAwrIAW qk dy auplbD ieiqhwsk vyrivAW nUM Awpxy ibrqWqk-sMgTn dI kMgroV bxwauNdw hY[ pr ies nwvl dw rcnwqmk pRkwrj kyvl ieiqhwsk-ibrqWq dw punr-auqpwdn hI nhIN hY[ mnmohn bwvw ny ies nwvl ivc ieiqhws dIAW kuJ mh`qvpUrx GtnwvW nUM shI pirpyK ivc auBwr ky aunHW dy Awm nwloN v`Kry Aqy ivroDI ArQW nUM aujwgr kIqw hY[ iskMdr-pors sMDI nUM swfy ieiqhwskwr Awm hI AwdriSAw ky pyS krdy hn ijs nwl pors dw ibMb qW mnmohk bx hI jWdw hY nwl hI iskMdr dI mhwnqw dw Aks vI hor gUhVw ho jWdw hY[ ies dy ault mnmohn bwvw ny Awpxy nwvl ivc ies cricq sMDI nUM pors dI swmrwjI-ivsqwrvwdI rxnIqI dy rUp ivc auBwr ky pors dy sQwipq ibMb nUM ivsQwipq krky aus dy ArQ hI bdl id`qy hn[ nwvlI ibrqWq ivc pors rwStrI gOrv nUM icMinHq krn vwlw vIr nwiek nw rih ky iek Aijhw kUtnIqk rwjw bx ky auBrdw hY jo Awpxy swmrwjI inihq svwrQ nUM pUrw krn leI nw kyvl iskMdr dIAW &OjW nUM lWGw idMdw hY sgoN sQwnk jnpdW nUM kuclx ivc iskMdr dI &OjI shwieqw vI krdw hY[ ieMJ hI iskMdr dw ivSv- ivjyqw vwlw ibMb iqVkdw hY Aqy ausdI S^sIAq dy mn&I pihlU aujwgr huMdy hn[ jnpdI jwqIAW dy hmilAW dI JMbI ausdI &Oj Srmnwk h`d qk inrwS nzr AwauNdI hY[ ienHW vyrivAW nwl iskMdr dy AwpxI muihMm nUM ADUrw C`f ky prqx dy hwlwq dw AMdwzw ho jWdw hY[ iehI nhIN nwvlI ibrqWq ivc iskMdr dw gurU ArsqU nslvwdI SuD`qw dw m`udeI hox krky iskMdr duAwrw gYr-XunwnI AorqW nwl ivAwh krn au`qy ^&w ho jWdw hY Aqy iskMdr dy kql dI swijS GVdw hY[ ies nwvl ivc auprokq qoN ielwvw ivSnU gupq cwxikAw Aqy cMdr gupq mOrIAw dI mhwnqw dI im`Q vI tu`tdI hY Aqy auh vI iskMdr Aqy pors vWg hI jnqMqr dy ivroDI Aqy swmrjI-ivsqwrvwdI hn[
ies nwvl dI iek ^wsIAq aunHW iDrW dI pCwx sQwipq krn ivc hY ijnHW ny aus smyN nw isr& iskMdr dy hmilAW dw krwrw jvwb id`qw sgoN ausnUM dunIAW dI ij`q dI supneI muihMm nUM ADUrw C`f ky vwips prqx leI mjbUr kr id`qw[ies iDr dw inrUpx kridAW bwvw ny iek kwlpink pwqr AjY im`qr dI isrjxw kIqI hY jo aus smyN dy jnpdW dI bhwdrI, Xu`DnIqI Aqy ivcwrDwrw dI pRiqinDqw krdw hY[ mnmohn bwvw ny k`T, mlH Aqy kSUdrk jwqIAW dy gTbMDn nUM AijhI iDr dy rUp ivc pCwixAW hY jo iskMdr Aqy pors dy swmrwjI gTbMDn dy hmilAW dw jvwb idMdI hY Aqy aunHW dy mniSAW nUM pUrw hox qoN rokdI hY[bwvw ny nwvl ivc ienHW jnpdI jwqIAW dw jo ibMb auswirAw igAw hY aus muqwibk ieh jwqIAW pRwkrmI, sQwpqI-ivroDI, AwzwdI-psMd qW sn pr swmrwjI ivsqwrvwdI nhIN[ iesy leI AjY im`qr kdy vI pUrI qrHW ivSnU gupq cwxikAw dI rwjnIqI nwl sihmq nhIN huMdw ikaNik auh iksy vI FMg nwl mgD swmrwj aupr kbzy Aqy auprMq iesdy hor ivsqwr dy spny dyKdw hY[ ie`QoN qk ik jdoN cwxikAw AjY im`qr dI sUJ-isAwxp Aqy bhwdrI qoN pRBwivq hoky aus A`gy Biv`K ivc mgD smrwt bxn dI mh`qv-AkWiKAw r`Kdw hY qW auh AwpxI pRmwixk swmrj-ivroDI ivcwrDwrw kwrx ies pRsqwv nUM r`d kr idMdw hY[ies qrHW ieh nwvl aunHW jnpdW dI rwjnIqI Aqy ivcwrDwrw nUM pyS krdw hoieAw pMjwbIAq dy nwl nwl jnqMqrI soc dw vI pRmwixk ibMb auswrdw hY[
‘Xu`Dnwd’ dw nwvlkwr ieiqhwskwrI dy kwrj bwry pUrI qrHW cyqMn hY[ auh QW-QW hwkm duAwrw Awpxy ihqW AnukUl ilKvwey jWdy ieiqhwsW dw izkr krdw hY ik ikvyN ienHW ivcoN bhuq swry q`Q Kwirj kr id`qy jWdy hn Aqy ivroDI AwvwzW nUM ^wmoS kr id`qw jWdw hY[ ausny pwTk nUM ieiqhwskwrI dy ies suBwA bwry cyqMn hI nhIN kIqw sgoN ies nwvl dy ibrqWq ivc pMjwb dy ieiqhws ivcoN Kwrj kr id`qy gey q`QW nUM joVn dw Xqn kIqw hY[ pMjwb dy siBAwcwrk ieiqhws ivc b`uDmq dy pRBwv dy q`Q nUM jW qW nzr-AMdwz kr id`qw jWdw hY qy jW iPr bxdw mh`qv nhIN id`qw jWdw[ pMjwb dy pRis`D ieiqhwskwr fw. jgqwr isMG gryvwl dy muqwibk G`to G`t s`q sO swl bu`Dmq pMjwb dy jn jIvn nUM pRBwivq krdw irhw[ ‘Xu`Dnwd’ dy nwvlI ibrqWq ivc XunwnI hmilAW smyN bu`Dmq nUM ivdrohI Buimkw Adw kridAW idKwieAw hY[ qkSiSlw dI nrqkI auqpld`qw bwgIAW nUM sihXog idMdI hY, ipprMmW dy iBKU dyvGoS aupinSdW nUM AigAwn dy kUVy dy BMfwr kihMdw hY Aqy iskMdr dy nwl rih irhw kwlijq dw iskMdr dy AMq dI Biv`KbwxI krdw hY[ienHW vyrivAW qoN aus smyN dy pMjwb dy inq jIvn ivc bu`Dmq dI SmUlIAq dw Aihsws vI ho jWdw hY[
ies nwvl dI iek hor ^wsIAq ieh vI hY ik ies ivc iksy pwqr jW iDr nUM AwdriSAwieAw nhIN igAw[ ies nwvl ivc ieiqhws dIAW pRmuK hsqIAW dw nim`Qikrn krn leI ijs kwlpink pwqr nUM isrijAw igAw hY auh vI doShIx nhIN hY[ nwvl ivc jnpdI jwqIAW dy lokqMqrI suBwA Aqy sMGrS dw skwrwqmk ibMb qW pyS hoieAw hY pr ieh vI inrpyK (absolute) nhIN[ jdoN AjY im`qr i&ilps dy iek dUq QrySIAs nUM pu`Cdw hY ik jy auh AwpxI suqMqrqw nUM bhuq mh`qv idMdy hn qW kI dUijAW dI suqMqrqw KohMidAW aunHW dI AwqmW aunHW nUM nhIN tMbdI qW dUq aultw AjY im`qr nUM svwl krdw hY ik “ kI qusI SudrW nUM auhI AwzwdI idMdy ho jo Awpxy Awp nUM?” ies iek vwk nwl AjY im`qr Aqy jnpdI jwqIAW dy smu`cy sMGrS dw iek mh`qvpUrx nkwrwqmk pihlU nSr ho jWdw hY[ ieMJ hI iskMdr nwl Xu`D smyN jnpdI jwqIAW dy gTbMDn ivc sWJI &Oj dI AgvweI bwry m`qByd pYdw ho jWdy hn ijnHW nUM BwvyN AjY im`qr AwpxI sUJ bUJ nwl ^qm kr idMdw hY pr pwTk nUM gTbMDn ivclIAW kmzorIAW dw AwBws ho jWdw hY[ ies qrHW nwvlkwr iksy iek jW dUjI iDr nwl pUrx sihmqI dw pRgtwvw nhIN krdw sgoN Awpxy pRmwixk jIvn icMqn dy AwDwr au`qy sB ivAkqIAW, siQqIAW Aqy vrqwirAW dw ibrqWqk-ibMb auswrdw hY[
ijvyN ik isrlyK ‘Xu`Dnwd’ sMkyq krdw hY, nwvl dy ibrqWqk jgq jgq dy kyNdr ivc Xu`D dy QImk vyrvy hI mOjUd hn pr ies ivc Xu`D dw vI romwnIkrn nhIN kIqw igAw[ Xu`D dy jIvMq ic`qrW nwl Xu`D dI qbwhI, iBAwnkqw Aqy inrwrQkqw dy ic`qr vI mOjUd hn[ nwvlkwr ibrqWq dI gqI nUM ies kdr inXMqrx ivc r`Kdw hY ik nwvl ieiqhwsk romWs bxn dI bjwey ibrqWqk ibMbW ivc pyS &ls&y dw klwqmk dsqwvyj bx jWdw hY[ sMqoK dI g`l ieh hY ik nwvl ivc ij`Qy ikqy vI pwqr dwrSink msilAW Aqy pRSnW nwl jUJdy Aqy ivcwr vtWdrw krdy idKdy hn au`Qy Aijhw hoxw pwqrW dI snmuK pyS sMktW Aqy vMgwrW krky suBwivk jwpdw hY[ pwqrW duAwrw ivcwry jw rhy msilAW Aqy auTwey jw rhy pRSnW dw vwjb pRsMg aunHW dI jIvn siQqI dy sQUl vyrivAW ivc mOjUd huMdw hY[ so bwvw nwvl ivc dwrSinkqw dw Awropx nhIN krdw sgoN iesnUM nwvlI pwT dw sihj ih`sw bxwauNdw hY[
pMjwbI ieiqhwsk nwvl dI prMprw dy pRsMg ivc ieh nwvl ies g`loN nvINAW pYVW pwauNdw hY ik ies ivc ieiqhws ibrqWq isrjx dI mihj sm`grI nhIN sgoN ies ivclw ibrqWqk jgq ^ud smwnWqr ieiqhwskwrI hY[ ieh ieiqhws dI qulnw ivc dujYlI isrjxw nhIN sgoN mUl rcnw hY jW dUjy l&zW ivc ieh ieiqhws AwDwirq nhIN, mUl sRoqW dI Koj nwl isrijAw igAw ieiqhws hY[ ienHW l`CxW krky hI ies dI rcnw ivDI Aqy ibrqWqk sMgTn pUrbly pMjwbI ieiqhwsk nwvl nwloN v`Kry hn[ pUrbly ieiqhwsk nwvlW dy ibrqWqk jgq dI kMgroV ieiqhwsk pwqr huMdy hn Aqy aunHW dy kwrj nUM vwsqivkqw dI pu`T cwVn leI kuJ kwlpink pwqr isrjy jWdy hn jW izAwdw qoN izAwdw auh ieiqhwsk pwqrW dy kwrnwimAW dy ibrqWqk isrjx dw mwiDAm mwqr huMdy hn[ aunHW dy sIimq ijhy kwrj nwl vI sQwipq AiDkwirq ieiqhws jn cyqnw nwl juV jWdw hY[ ieiqhws dw iksy vI swihqk ivDw ivc pRgtwvw kwlpink isrjxw ibnw sMBv nhIN hY[ ies rwhIN hI ieiqhws jn cyqnw ivc pRvwngI hwisl kr skdw hY[ pMjwbI ieiqhwsk nwvl ivc ieh glpI pwqr mwiDAm qW bxdy rhy hn pr aunHW nUM sIimq ‘jn’ idRStI krky iksy vI nwvl ivc aus qrHW kyNdrI mh`qv nhIN imldw ijvyN ik ‘Xu`Dnwd’ ivc id`qw igAw hY[ Xu`Dnwd dI pRmwixk jn-idRStI dw hI sbUq hY ik ies ivc ieiqhwsk pwqrW dI bjwey kwlpink/ glpI pwqr ibrqWq isrjx dy kyNdr ivc mOjUd hn[ ieiqhws bwry jn qMqrI phuMc ApxwauNidAW nwvlkwr ny aus smyN dIAW jn jwqIAW nUM AwpxI ieiqhwskwrI dy kyNdr ivc r`iKAw hY Aqy aunHW dy ikrdwr dI pRiqinDqw krn vwly pwqr isrjy hn[ ies ieiqhwsk sMklpnw ivc ivAkqI dI pCwx nwloN vDyry mh`qvpUrx smUhk pCwx hY[ nwvl dy pwqr vI Awpxy in`jI supinAW Aqy pRwpqIAW dI bjwey jn jwqIAW dy smUhk Aqy sWJy ihqW Aqy mnorQW leI sMGrS krdy nzr AwauNdy hn nw ik ieiqhws ivc izkrXog pCwx bxwaux dy mnorQ nwl[ ies qrHW nwvl ivclI rcnw-idRStI Aqy ibrqWqk jugqbMdI nwvlkwr dI ieiqhws pRiq pRmwixk jn qMqrI phuMc nUM qsdIk krdIAW hn[
nwvl ivc iek hor ^wsIAq nwvl ivc AjY im`qr dy dyvXwnI Aqy mwDvI dy pRym pRsMg dy ibrqWq nUM isrjx dI SYlI Aqy ies ip`Cy kwrjSIl vsqU-idRStI nwl sbMiDq hY[ ieh pRym pRsMg pwqrW dI ivAkqIgq pCwx Aqy sMvydnSIlqw nUM qW pRgtwauNdy hn pr ibrqWqk spys au`pr ikqy vI ies kdr hwvI nhIN huMdy ik nwvl romWs isrjxw dI zd ivc cly jwvy[ dyvXwnI dw aus dI ie`Cw qoN ibnW k`T rwjkumwr Aqy XoDy nwl ivAwh dI GtnW ivAkqIgq AwzwdI Aqy smUhk ihqW ivcly qxwE dw svwl qw auTwauNdI hY pr ieh svwl ies sMGxw nhIN kIqw igAw ik aunHW dy pRYm dI qRwsdI vDyry pRbl ArQ dyx l`g jwvy[ dohW dy AwpsI iK`c Aqy pIV pwTk nUM qxwE qW idMdI hY pr XoDy pqI dI mOq qoN bwAd vI dyvXwnI dw AwpxI ie`Cw nwl AjY im`qr kol vwips prqx dI bjwey Awpxy pqI dI AMs nUM jnm dyx leI k`T jn jwqI ivc prq jwxw vDyry gOrvSwlI kwrj hox kwrx au`dwqmeI Bwv jgwauNdw hY[ AjY im`qr dw dUjI pRyimkw mwDvI nwl pRym AKIr s&l huMdw hY pr ies pRym pRsMg ivclI Ainsicqqw, srIrkqw Aqy qxwESIlqw sDwrx pRym Bwv vrgI hox krky hkIkI Drwql au`qy au`srdI hY[ mwDvI dw pwqr vI Awpxy Awp ivc nwvlI jgq nUM fUMGy ArQ idMdw hY[ mwDvI dI pCwx iek XoDw iesqrI vrgI hY jo GuVsvwrI krdI, zoi^m auTwauNdI, qy fu`b ky mu`hbq krdI hY[ aus dI siQqI q`qkwlI pMjwb dI siQqI nwl imldI juldI hY[ auh auDwlI jWdI hY, aus nwl jbr ijnwh huMdw hY, auh keI vwr ivkdI hY pr hwrdI nhIN[ AKIr ausdw AjY im`qr nUM pRwpq kr lYxw pr AjY im`qr dy cwxikAw duAwrw mgD dI rwjg`dI dI kIqI pySkS nUM Tukrw dyx nwl dyvXwnI dw mhwrwxI bxdy bxdy rih jwxw Aijhy sMkyq hn jo pMjwb dI AijhI hI ieiqhwsk hoxI vl ieSwrw krdy hn[
ies nwvl ivc ieiqhws dw korw punr-aqpwdn nhIN kIqw igAw sgoN iesnUM nvyN pRsMg ivc ivcwrDwrk ivAwiKAw sihq isrijAw igAw hY[ Ajoky Xug ivc iesdI pRsMgkqw dI g`l krIey qW ieMJ jwpdw hY ik ies dw ibrqWq pRqIkwqmk p`Dr au`qy smkwlI msilAW, sMktW Aqy vMgwrW nwl sMvwd rcw irhw hovy[ iskMdr vWg AjokI nv-bsqIvwdI sMswr srmweydwrI pUrI dunIAW nUM AwpxI gir&q ivc lYx leI ibhbl hY Aqy pors vWg Bwrq dI dlwl srmweydwrI Awpxw ihq Aqy Biv`K ivSvIkrn dIAW SkqIAW nwl gTbMDn ivc hI dyK rhI hY[ ieh s`c iksy qoN luikAw hoieAw nhIN ik Bwrq dI hwkm jmwq dI pRiqinDqw krn vwlIAW pwrtIAW sB m`qBydW dy bwvjUd AwriQk eyjMfy aupr iekmq hn[ ieh nwvl AqIq dy sQwipq ieiqhwsk-ibMb nUM muV-pVcoldw, vrqmwn dy rU-b-rU Biv`K vl vI sMkyq krdw hY[nwvl dy AKIr qy jdoN cwxikAw AjY im`qr nwl Biv`K dy mgD rwj bwry ivcwr vtWdrw krdw hY Aqy pMjwb dy jnpdW nUM AwpxIAW sImwvW dy rwiKAW dy rUp ivc klpdw hY qW AjY im`qr dw kQn iDAwXog hY:
“qusIN bhuq dUr dI socdy ho AwcwrIAw[ mYN Xqn krWgw ik quhwnUM ies vyly Aqy bwAd ivc vI swry jnpdW dw sihXog imldw rhy[ ieh vI ivSvws hY ik jd qk qusIN ho, qd qk ieh smJOqw vI kwiem rhygw[ pr iksy kwrx vI Aqy jdoN vI ieh jnpd smwpq ho gey, qW mgD dIAW sYnwvW iksy bwhrly hmly nUM rok nhIN skxgIAW”[
ies kQn ivcoN ieh klpnw qW kIqI hI jw skdI hY ik jnpdW dy ^qm hox auprMq hI Bwrq au`qy ivdySI hmlwvrW dw kbzw ho sikAw hovygw pr nwl hI ieh suJwA vI imldw hY ik vrqmwn ivc BwrqI sMG ivc AMdrUnI lokqMqr nUM sQwipq kIqy ibnw sMswr srmweydwrI dy AsvmyD X`g nUM roikAw nhIN jw skdw[ ieMJ ieh nwvl AqIq dw dsqwvyj nw rih ky smkwl dy sMktW nwl sMvwd rcwaux vwlw kRWqIkwrI ivcwrDwrweI cyqnw vwlw pwT bx jWdw hY[ nwvl dy ibrqWq dw srUp Aijhw hY ik ieh kwl ivSyS dy sQUl vyrivAW ivcoN rUp Dwrx Aqy nvIn Xug-pirsiQqIAW dy sMktW, vMgwrW Aqy srokwrW vl sMkyq krn dy bwvjUd kwl dI sImW ivc Kpq hox vwlw nw ho ky mnu`KI hoNd Aqy AwzwdI nwl juVy ivAwpk pRSnW nwl jUJx krky srbkwlI swrQkqw aupjwaux vwlw hY[ rock g`l ieh hY ik nwvlkwr ny srbkwlI swrQkqw aupjwaux dy lwlc ivc nw ieiqhws ip`T kIqI hY Aqy nw hI smkwl ivc mnu`K nUM pyS sMktW qy sm`isAwvW nUM iqRskwirAw hY sgoN dohW nUM vwjb pirpyK qy pRmwixk ivcwrDwrk-dwrSink nukqy qoN gRihx krky Aijhw ibrqWq isrijAw hY jo mnu`K dI sQUl kwl Aqy sQwn swpyK hoNd nUM vI sMboiDq hY Aqy ivAwpk pwrgwmI hoNd nUM vI[ iesy kwrx ieh nwvl pMjwbI isrjxwqmk cyqnw dy auBwr dI BrpUr Jlk idKwauNdw hY[
mnmohn bwvw dw iek hor nwvl ‘X~ug-AMq’ pMjwb dy ieiqhws dy iek AzIm nwiek mwhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj ivcly smwijk AMqr-ivroDW Aqy aus rwj dy KyrMU KyrUM ho jwx dy ieiqhws nUM muV nvyN isirEN Kojx vwlw ibrqWq hY[ bsqIvwdI dOr ivc pRiqroDI ieiqwskwrI ivc vI rxjIq isMG dy ibMb nUM ies kdr AwdriSAwieAw igAw hY ik auh iek ieiqhwsk ivAkqI dI bjwey dMq-kQw dw nwiek bx igAw hY[ rxjIq isMG dy rwj dIAW brkqW bwry ikMnIAW hI dMq-kQwvW pRcil`q hn[ ienHW kQwvW ivc rxjIq isMG dy rwj nUM inAWprx, SOSxmukq, sMprdwiek Aqy sB iksm dy ivqkirAW qoN mukq rwj dy qOr qy pyS kIqw jWdw hY[ rxjIq isMG Aqy aus dy rwj dw gOrvSwlI-romwnI ibMb bsqIvwdI dOr ivc is`K punrjwgrx dI ivcwrDwrw Aqy aus dy rwjsI supinAW dI qrzmwnI krdw hY[ ies iksm dy ibMb inrmwx nwl pMjwbI is`K ielIt AMdr Awqm AiBmwn dw sMcwr huMdw sI ijhVI AMgryzW nwl sWJ Aqy ivroD dy duv`ly sMbMDW nUM inBwaNdI hoeI pMjwb dI is~K lokweI nMU sMgiTq krn leI XqnSIl sI[ pr pMjwb dw is~K eIlIt vrg kdy vI ies svwl svwl dy snmuK nhIN huMdw hY ik i&r Aijhw AwdrSk rwj AwswnI nwl ikvyN iKMf pMuf igAw[ rxjIq isMG duAwrw sQwipq kiQq is`K rwj dy ^wqmy dy kwrxW dI inSwndyhI kridAW isMGW Aqy i&rMgIAW dI Aw^rI lVweI ivc is`K &OjW dI hwr leI is`K srdwrW dIAW swijSW Aqy AwpsI ivroDW Aqy lwlcW dy nwl nwl rxjIq isMG dI AxhoNd dy q`Q nUM v`fw kwrky smiJAw jWdw hY[ Swh muhMmd dI rcnw jMgnwmw isMGW ‘qy i&rMgIAW dy A^Ir au~qy AweI tUk ‘Swh muhMmdw iek srkwr bwJoN &OjW ij~q ky AMq nUM hwrIAW ny’ swfI smJ dw AwDwr bx geI hY Aqy AsIN ies qoN A`gy Aqy fMUGy jw ky aunHW ieiqhwsk pirsiQqIAW dw ivSlySx krn dI zihmq nhIN auTweI ijnHW kwrx Asl ivc is~K rwj dw AMq hoieAw[ jy AsIN Aijhw kIqw hMudw qW Swied swnUM Ajoky smyN ivc is`K ivhwr au~qy hwvI sMsQweI jkVbMdI Aqy is`K ivcwrDwrw dy ipCokV ivc cly jwx dI pRikirAw Aqy iesdy smwijk-siBAwcwrk ‘qy rwjsI is`itAW bwry invyklIAW hkIkqW dw boD ho jWdw[ rOck q`Q ieh vI hY ik au~qr-bsqIvwdI dOr ivc vI pMjwb dy ieiqwskwrW ny is`K rwj dy pqn dy rwjsI kwrxw dI qW QoVHI bhuqI pVcol kIqI hY pr rxjIq isMG dy rwj dOrwn dIAW smwijk siBAwcwrk pirsiQqIAW dw ivSlySx ies ivcoN ZYrhwzr hY[ mnmohn bwvw ny Awpxy nwvl ivc AijhIAW siQqIAW Aqy sMvwdW dI ibrqWqk isrjxw kIqI hY ik rxjIq isMG dy rwj smyN dI smwijk siQqI, ies ivclIAW ivroDqwvW, rxjIq isMG dI S^sIAq sImWvW, is`K srdwrW dy jmwqI ikrdwr Aqy ivvhwr Aqy AMdrUnI rwjsI kSmkS dw boD ho jWdw hY[ iehI auh Tos pRyrk hn ijnHW krky is`K rwj dw AMq huMdw hY[ bwvw ny rxjIq isMG Aqy ayus dy rwj nUM dMq-kQwvW dy glpI isrjx dIAW h`dbMdIAW qoN bwhr ilAw ky ieiqhwsk ibrqWq dI zd ivc ilAWdw hY[
ies nwvl dI ibrqWqkwrI dw sB qoN mh`qvpUrx p`K ieh hY ik ies ivc kyNdrI sQwn iksy ieiqhwsk nwiek dI bjwey iek Aijhy kwlpink pwqr nUM id`qw igAw hY ijhVw sDwrx ispwhI hY[ ies ieiqhwsk ibrqWq ivc sDwrx Aqy kwlpink pwqr nUM kyNdrI bxwayuuxw Awpxy Awp ivc ivcwrDwrk swrQkqw vwlI ibrqWqk jugq hY[ ies dy nwl hI durjn isMG dw pwqr vI kwlpink hY ijhVw qQwkiQq nIvIN jwqI pCwx vwlw ivAkqI hY[ ienHW qoN ielwvw Swh b^S iek ieiqhwsk ivAkqI hY ijhVw jMgnwmwkwr Swh muhMmd dw pu~qr hY[ smuu`cw ibrqWq ienHW iqMn pwqrW duAwly auswirAw igAw hY[ ieh iqMnoN pwqr Awpxy jIvn AnuBvW dy AwDwr au~qy smkwlI dOr dI rwjsI Aqy smwijk pirsiQqIAW au~qy Awlocnwqmk it`pxIAW krdy hn ijnHW ivcoN pwTk nUM rxjIq isMG dy ivAkqIqv ivclIAW sImWvW Aqy smwijk AMqrivroDW dw boD pRwpq huMdw hY[
ies nwvl dw pwqr durjn isMG rxjIq isMG kwl ivc jwqI ivqkry dy iSkwr pirvwr dw mYNbr hY[ ies pwqr rwhIN pqw l`gdw hY ik is`K lihr smyN jwqI drjybMdI dy FihFyrI hox dI jo pRikirAw c`lI sI auh ikvyN rxjIq isMG dy rwj smyN Aw ky KVoq dw iSkwr ho geI[ ies kwrx is`K lihr ivc kyNdrI BUimkw inBwaux Aqy ies nUM KwVkU cir`qr b^Sx vwlIAW AKOqI nIvIAW jwqIAW dy lok ivqkry Aqy aunHW dw SrIrk SoSx Aqy mwnisk dmn dw iSkwr hox l`gy[ durjn isMG dy pirvwr nUM imlI zmIn Aqy mwl fMgr aunHW qoN au~cI jwqI vwly srdwrW-izmIdwrW ny Koh ley Aqy i&r qoN pr AwSirq kr id`qw[ iehI nhIN grUdAwry ivc bwkI sMgq nwl lMgr Ckx gieAW nUM AMdroN auTw ky bwhr BUMjy hI ibTw id`qw igAw[ ies sB dy ivroD ivc durjn isMG dw Brw luiDAwxy jw ky i&rMgIAW dI &Oj ivc BrqI ho igAw[ ies qoN pihlW rxjIq isMG dIAW sYnwvW ivcoN hyTlI jwqI nwl sMbMiDq ispwhIAW nUM ikvy k`iFAw igAw dw vyrvw vI AwaNudw hY[ ieMJ rxjIq isMG dy rwj dy AMq dw kwrx mihj aus dI AxhoNd jW srdwrW dIAW swijSW Aqy AwpsI kSmkS nhIN sI sgoN aus smyN dI hwkm jmwq Bwv is`K srdwrW dI zgIrU Aqy KVoqmuKI jwqpwqI soc sI ijsny Avwm nMMU rwj qoN Al`g Ql`g kr id`qw ijs dy is`ty vjoN rwjs`qw AwpxIAW jVW qoN tu`t geI Aqy AMgryzW duAwrw id`qy hlky ijhy Jtky nwl if`g geI[
nwvl ivclI ieiqwsk cyqnw dw iek hor pRmwx ieh hY ik ies ivc pUrb Aqy p`Cm dy inpt ivroD dI DwrxW dw vI inSyD kIqw igAw hY[ AMgryz &OjI A&sr mYksvYl kIrq isMG nwl dosqI inBwauNdw hY[ ieMJ nwvl dy A^Ir au~qy jdoN kIrq isMG lokW nMU i&rMgI &Oj ivc BrqI hox qoN rok irhw hY qW iek &OjI A&sr hfsn Awpxy ispwhIAW nUM aus nUM Zir&qwr kr ky ilAwaux dw inrdyS idMdw hY[ ies mOky iek hor &OjI A&sr jwn lwrYNs Aijhw nw krn leI kihMdw hY ikauNik auh ^ud iek AwieirS hY ijs dw Awpxw dyS vI brqwnIAw dI ZlwmI Bog irhw hY[ aus nUM ies pIV dw Aihsws hY[ieMJ kIrq isMG Aqy mYksvYl dy AwpsI sihXog Aqy AMq au~qy jwn lwrYNs dw ikrdwr pUrb Aqy p`Cm dy inpt ivroD dI qulnw ivc swpyKk sihXog Aqy hmdrdI dw ibMb vI auBrdw hY[ ieh Awpxy iksm dI ieiqhwskwrI hY ijs nUM pRmwixk au~qr-bsqIvwdI cyqnw dy qOr ‘qy gRihx kIqw jw skdw hY[ieh Gtnw BwvyN inrol klpnw dI aupj hovy pr ies ivc bsqIvwdI SoSx nUM hMFW rhy lokW drimAwn sWJ Aqy swnBUqI dI sMBwvnw dw AwdrS isrijAw igAw hY jo auu~qr-bsqIvwdI nukqw ingwh qoN bVw m`ulvwn hY[
swr: ieMJ mnmohn bwvw dy ieh do nwvl smwnWqr ieiqhwskwrI dy nvyN AwXwm isrjdy hn[ ieh nwvl ieiqhws dy romwnIkrn dI bjwey aus dy ivSlySx dI ivDI ApxwaNdy hn[ ienW ivc bwhrI bsqIvwd dy nwl nwl AMdrUnI bsqIvwdI s`qw dAwrw isrjy ieiqhwsW dw isrjxwqmk inSyD kIqw igAw hY Aqy AiDkwirk ieiqhwsW duAwrw ^wmoS kr id`qIAW geIAW AwvwzW nUM muV Awvwz id`qI geI hY[ ienHW ivclI ibrqWqk ieiqwskwrI s`qwvwn jmwqW dI pujISn qoN nhIN sgoN s`qw ivhIn pr mnu`KI AwzwdI, brwbrI leI inrMqr sMGrS krn dI smr`Qw r`KdIAW jmwqW dI pujISn qoN kIqI geI hY[ bsqIvwd Aqy nv-bsqIvwd dy Ajokyy dOr ivc hwkm jmwqW dy g`TjoV dy srUp Aqy swr nUM smJx leI AijhI ieiqhwsk isrjxw hI pRmwixk au~qrbsqIvwdI cyqnw dw pRmwx hY[
[1] rIfr, pMjwbI ivBwg, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, piytAwlw
[2] Aijaz Ahmad, ‘Interrogating the ‘Post’ Condition: Theory, Texts and Contexts’ in The Post-Condition: Theory, Texts and Contexts, Ed. Ranjit Kaur Kapoor and Manjit Inder Singh, Punjabi University, Patiala, 2001, p. 28
[3] ‘…….post-colonialism can in no sense be regarded as a fully achieved stste…..We could, however, argue for post-colonialism as an anticipatory discourse, recognizing that the condition it names does not yet exist, but working nevertheless to bring that about’.
Peter Childs and R.J.Patrick Williams, An Introdction to Post-Colonial Theory, Prentice Hall, p. 7
[4] ‘ We live in a post-colonial neo-colonized world’. Gayatri Spivak, The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Diologues, Ed. Sara Harasym, London
[5] Peter Childs and R.J.Patrick Williams, An Introdction to Post-Colonial Theory, Prentice Hall, p. 8
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