ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਨਾਵਲ ਦਾ ਮੁਹਾਂਦਰਾ

pMjwbI nwvl dw muhWdrw

        pMjwbI swihq dy AwDuink kwl ivc ijhVIAW nvINAW swihqk ivDwvW hoNd ivc AweIAW, aunHW ivc nwvl iek pRmu`K ivDw hY[ ieh ivDw pMjwbI swihq dI AwpxI prMprw ivcoN nhIN jnmI sgoN p~CmI Aqy ^ws krky brqwnvI pRBwv dy nqIjy vjoN hoNd ivc AweI[ m`DkwlI pMjwbI swihq ivc ik`sw Aqy vwr dy rUp ivc lMmIAW kwiv-kQwvW imldIAW hn Aqy jnmswKI dy rUp ivc gurU-nwiek dy jnm qoN lY ky aunHW dy ivrwt ivAkiqqv Aqy dwrSink-ij`qW dw lMmyrw ibrqWq vwrqk rUp ivc imldw hY pr nwvl vrgI swihqk ivDw m`Dkwl dy smyN pMjwbI ivc mOjUd nhIN sI[ ies ivDw ny AMgryzI bsqIvwd rwhIN Bwrq ivc pRvyS kIqw Aqy pihlW bMgwlI Aqy AswmI Aqy aus qoN bwAd aurd Aqy ihMdI vrgIAW AwDuink BwrqI BwSwvW smyq pMjwbI ivc vI AweI[ au`nIvIN sdI XUrp ivc nwvl dy auBwr dI sdI hY ijs ivc v`K v`K XUrpI BwSwvW ivc Swhkwr nwvlW dI rcnw hoeI[ p`CmI swihq prMprw nwl Bwrq Aqy pMjwb dw vwh AMgryzI iv``idAw kwrx ipAw, ies leI BwrqI BwSwvW ivc nwvl dI prMprw jrmn, &rYNc Aqy ieqwlvI nwvl prMprwvW dI bjwey AMgryzI nwvl prMprw qoN pRBwivq rhI hY[

pMjwbI nwvl dw mu`ਢlw dOr:

pMjwbI ivc nwvl dI SurUAwq au~nIvIN sdI dy dUjy A`D ivc hoeI[ AMgryzW ny 1849 ivc pMjwb nUM Awpxy kbzy ivc lY ilAw qy ie`Qy AwpxIAW pRSwsink loVW dI pUrqI leI p`CmI BWq dI iv`idAw pRxwlI SurU kIqI qy iesweI imSnrIAW sQwipq kIqIAW[ iek pwsy iesweI imSnrIAW ny Awpxy Drm pRcwr leI nwvl ijhy rUp dI vrqoN krnI SurU kIqI qy dUjy pwsy v`K v`K korsW ivc AMgryzI nwvl pVHwey jwx l`gy[ ies sB dy pRiqkrm ivc pMjwb ivc isMG sBw lihr ADIn is`KI dy pRcwr Aqy eIsweIAq smyq p`CmI siBAwcwr dy pRBwv nUM rokx leI nwvlW dI rcnw SurU hoeI[ pMjwbI nwvl dy ies dOr ivc BweI vIr isMG, BweI mojn isMG vYd, crn isMG ShId, Amr isMG Cwpyvwlw, hrb^S isMG, mIrW b^S imnhws Aqy nwnk isMG dIAW mu`FlIAW rcnwvW nUM Swiml kr skdy hW[ ies dOr ivc pihlW iesweI imSnrIAW dy nwvl AwauNdy hn, ienHW qoN bwAd isMG sBw lihr qoN pRBwivq nwvl ilKy gey Aqy ies auprMq smkwlI smwijk XQwrQ Aqy sDwrx mnu`K dy sMswrk msilAW nUM nwvlkwrI dw ivSw bxwieAw jwxw SurU huMdw hY[

ies dOr ivc pihlW pihl imSnrIAW ny Awpxy Drm pRcwr dy mnorQ dI pUrqI ihq jOn bnIAn dy AMgryzI nwvl Pilgrim’s Progress dw pMjwbI qrjmw ‘msIhI muswi&r dI Xwqrw’ (1859) dy nwm nwl CpvwieAw[ pMjwbI ivc hI iek hor nwvl ‘jXoiqrudX’ 1876 ivc CipAw imldw hY, ijs bwry Anumwn kIqw jWdw hY ik ieh iksy imSnrI duAwrw pihlW bMgwlI ivc iliKAw igAw hovygw ijs nUM bwAd ivc pMjwbI ivc qrjmw krvw ky CwipAw igAw hovygw hY[ pr bMgwlI ivc ies nwm dw koeI nwvl nhIN imldw[ ienHW dovW nwvlW ivc iesweI mq Aqy AMgryzI jIvn jwc nUM byhqrIn swibq krn dI koiSS kIqI geI hY Aqy BwrqI lokW dIAW Dwrimk kiriAwvW nUM nIvyN drjy dIAW drswieAw igAw hY[

SurU SurU ivc AMgryzW ny nwvl dI ivDw nUM pRc`ilq krn ivc ivSyS idlcspI leI[ ies g`l dy pRmwx vI imldy hn ik aunHW ny AMgryzI smyq v`K v`K BwSwvW ivc nwvl rcnw dy mukwbly vI krvwey[ Bwrq ivc ihMdI Aqy pMjwbI qoN pihlW bMgwlI, AswmI Aqy aurdU ivc mOilk nwvlW dI rcnw hoxI SurU ho cu`kI sI[ ‘msIhI muswi&r dI Xwqrw’ Aqy jXoiqrudX dy pRkwSn qoN bwAd pVHy ilKy pMjwbIAW nUM nwvl vrgI ivDw dI jwxkwrI hoeI Aqy aunHW ivc Awpxy Dwrimk AkIidAW dy pRcwr leI ies ivDw dI vrqoN dI Bwvnw pYdw hox l`gI[ iesy leI isMG sBw lihr dy AwgUAW ny nwvl ijhy lMmy vwrqk ibrqWq rwhIN is`K Drm Aqy is`K ieiqhws dw pRcwr-pRswr krnw SurU kIqw[ gurmuKI il`pI ivc Cpy ienHW mu`Fly nwvlW qoN ielwvw AMgryzI BwSw Aqy swihq qoN jwxUM ho cu`ky pVHy ilKy pMjwbIAW nUM AMgryzI ivc Cpy nwvlW dI jwxkwrI vI imlxI SurU hoeI[ ienHW AMgryzI nwvlW ivc Awm bMidAW dIAW dUr dys dIAW romWck XwqrwvW dy nwl nwl ieSk musk dIAW khwxIAW vI drj sn[ bsqIvwdI ZulwmI Bog rhy Aqy ies ZulwmI dy pRqikrm vjoN Awpxy ieiqhws Aqy siBAwcwr dy AqIq dI mihmw gwaux vwly pVHy ilKy pMjwbIAW nUM ies iksm dIAW XwqrwvW Aqy ieSk dIAW khwxIAW bhuqIAW cMgIAw nhIN l`gIAW[ ies leI aunHW ny sMswrk iviSAW bwry ilKy gey nwvlW dI bjwey Dwrimk iviSAW bwry ilKy gey AMgryzI nwvlW qoN vDyry pRyrxw leI[

pMjwbI dw pihlw mOilk nwvl ‘suMdrI’ (1898) nUM mMinAw jWdw hY ijs dI rcnw BweI vIr isMG (1872-1957) ny kIqI[ idlcsp q`Q ieh hY ik ies dI BUimkw ivc BweI vIr isMG ny ies nUM nwvl mMnx dI bjwey is`K ieiqhws dy s`cy smwcwrW dw sMgRih ikhw hY[ Asl ivc BweI vIr isMG dw zor ies g`l qy hY ik ieh AMgryzI nwvlW vWg mnorMjn pRdwn krn vwlI rcnw nhIN sgoN iek aupdySwqmk rcnw hY ijs dw mksd pwTk nUM is`K ieiqhws dy gOrvmeI ivrsy qoN jwxUM krvw ky is`KI nwl joVnw hY[ ieMJ pMjwbI ivc nwvl dw jnm XUrp ivc nwvl dy jnm nwloN iblkul v`Kry hwlwq ivc qy v`Kry mnorQ nwl hoieAw[ BweI vIr isMG ny suMdrI qoN bwAd ibjY isMG (1899), sqvMq kOr (1900), Aqy bwbw nOD isMG (1918) Awid nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ BweI vIr isMG dy pihly iqMn nwvlW nUM sMq isMG syKoN ieiqhwsk rumWs kihMdw hY ikauNik ienHW nwvlW ivc is`K imslW dy smyN dI is`KI nUM AwdrSk rUp ivc pyS kIqw igAw hY Aqy AqIq dy gOrvSwlI is`K ivrsy dw pRyrxwmeI ibrqWq isrijAw igAw hY[ pr bwbw nOD isMG nwvl ilKx l`igAW BweI vIr isMG smkwlI jIvn Aqy is`K smwj dy msilAW nUM pyS krdw hY[ ieMJ smkwlI XQwrQ BweI vIr isMG dy nwvlW ivc AMSk rUp ivc pRgt hoxw SurU huMdw hY[ 

BweI vIr isMG qoN bwAd BweI mohn isMG vYd qy s.s.crn isMG ShId ny nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ ienHW ny pMjwbI nwvl nUM ieiqhws ivc vwprIAw GtnwvW dy smwcwr dI pySkwrI dI QW smkwlI jIvn dy icqrx nwl joiVAw[ ies p`KoN ienHW dy nwvl romWs qoN XQwrQ dy icqrx vl pMjwbI nwvl dI Xwqrw nUM drswauNdy hn[ ies dOr dw nwvl Dwrimk-sMprdwiek mnorQW dI pUrqI leI iliKAw igAw nwvl hY[ pMjwbI swihq dy ieiqhwsW ivc BweI mohn isMG vYd (1881-1936) duAwrw rcy gey ijnHW nwvlW dw izkr AwauNdw hY, aunHW ivc suSIlw nUMh (1912), suBwg kOr (1912), Syr bhwdr Syr isMG (1912), rimMdr kOr (1912), krm Xog (1915), isAwxI mwqw (1918), suKI pirvwr (1919), suKdyv kOr (1920), pCqwvw (1920), iek is`K Grwxw (1923), kptI imqR (1926), suGV nUMh (1913) suGV nUMh qy lVwkI s`s (1927), suSIl ivDvw (1931) Aqy dMpqI ipAwr (1920), sRyST kulW dI cwl (1911), Aqy kmweI dI brkq (1912) Awid nUM Swiml kIqw jw skdw hY[ ie`Qy ieh vI iDAwn r`Kx vwlI g`l hY ik ienHW ivcoN ‘isAwxI mwqw’ vrgIAW kuJ rcnwvW dw Awkwr khwxI ijMnw Cotw hY[ BweI mohn isMG vYd brqwnvI bsqIvwdI pRbMD ADIn Aw rhy p`CmI pRBwvW nwl iQVk rhI Dwrimk AwsQw, bdl rhI jIvn jwc Aqy ivAkqIgq rucIAW dy pRbl hox qoN icMiqq hY[ auh ies sB nUM pMjwbI Aqy ivSyS krky is`K smwj dy sMkt dy qOr ‘qy dyKdw hY[ auh Awpxy nwvlW ivc p`CmI-AMgryzI siBAwcwr, p`CmI iv`idAw Aqy jIvn SYlI nUM Apxw ky sMkt ivc Ps gey pwqrW dI hoxI nUM ibAwndw hY Aqy ies ivcoN bwhr inklx dw rsqw suJwauNdw hY[ ienHW dy nwvlW ivc is`KW nUM Awpxy Drm ivc p`ky hox dy nwl dy nwl nwl sMswrk qOr ‘qy s&l jIvn ijaux dI qrkIb vI suJweI geI hY[auh BweI vIr isMG vWg AqIq dy nwiekW dw AwdrSk ic`qr nhIN auswrdw sgoN pMjwbI-BwrqI siBAwcwr dIAW kdrW kImqW Aqy jIvn SYlI nUM gOrvSwlI Aqy AwdrSk rUp ivc pyS krdw hY[

BweI mohn isMG qoN bwAd crn isMG ShId (1881-1935) mu`Fly dOr dw pRmu`K nwvlkwr hY[ aus ny nwvlW qoN ielwvw khwxIAW Aqy hwsrs kivqw dI rcnw vI kIqI[ aus ny dlyr kOr (1911), bhwdr rxjIq kOr (1913), cMcl mUrqI (imqIhix) Awid nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ ShId dy nwvl isMG sBw lihr dy AwiSAW dy Anuswr is`K pCwx dy gOrv nUM sQwipq krn dy mMqv nwl ilKy gey hn[ ieh nwvl leI 18vIN sdI dy is`K imslW dy sMGrSmeI ieiqhws dy rUpk-ibrqWqW hn ijnHW ivc bhwdrI Aqy cir`qrk pikAweI nUM auBwirAw igAw hY[ ienHW nwvlW dy pwqr BwvyN BweI vIr isMG dy nwvlW dy pwqrW vWg dlyr Aqy s^q jwn hn pr auh kdy kdy duibDw jW kmzorI dw iSkwr vI huMdy idKwey gey hn[ ieMJ aus dy nwvlW ivc pwqrW dI mwniskqw nUM vDyry XQwrQmeI rUp ivc drswaux dI koiSS kIqI geI hY[

ies pRkwr isMG sBw lihr dy AwiSAw dI pUrqI leI ilKy gey nwvl dy rcnwkwr dI mu`K icMqW is`KW dI v`KrI pCwx nUM sQwipq krn dI hY Aqy auh cwhuMdw hY ik is`K eIsweIAq dy pRBwv qoN vI bicAw rhy Aqy AwrIAw smwj dy pRBwv hyTW vI nw Awvy[ ienHW nwvlW dI pwqrwvlI ivc sMprdwiek jW jwqI pCwx dy AwDwr ‘qy pwqrW nUM cMgy mwVy ikrdwr dw mwlk drswieAw igAw hY[ BweI vIr isMG Aqy crn isMG ShId dy nwvlW ivc is`K pwqr au`cy ikrdwr vwly sUrbIr XoDy hn, muslmwn DoKybwz Aqy zwlm hn Aqy ihMdU frpok Aqy ADIngI mMnx vwly hn[ so ieh nwvl is`K pCwx dw AwdrSIkrn krdw hoieAw pwqrW drimAwn sMprdweik drjybMdI krdw hY Aqy nwvl dy mMqv nUM sIimq kr idMdw hY[

ies dOr dw iek hor nwvlkwr Amr isMG Cwpyvwlw hY[ aus duAwrw rcy nwvlW ivc CotI nUMh jW l`CmI (1912), Gr dw inrbwh (1907), sul`KI DI jW suc`jI ieMdR kOr (1911) Aqy pRym kOr (1924) dw izkr AwauNdw hY[ aus bwry ikhw jWdw hY ik aus dIAW bhuqIAW rcnwvW AMgryzI rcnwvW dw Anuvwd sn jW aunHW au~qy AwDwirq dI pMjwbI punr-isrjxw (Adaptation) sn[ ienHW nwvlW ivc Awpxy kMm nUM pUrI qndyhI, lgn Aqy AnuSwsn nwl krn dw aupdyS id`qw igAw hY[ aus dy nwvl sMswrk-smwijk jIvn ivc s&lqw pRwpq krn leI suJwA pyS krdy hn[ ies p`Ko aus dI nwvlkwrI mohn isMG vYd nwl imldI hY[ ies qoN ibnw pMjwbI swihq Aqy nwvl dy ieiqhwsW ivc kuJ hor nwvlkwrW dw izkr vI AwauNdw hY[ aunHW ivc hrb^S isMG (SkuMqlw), hkIm suMdr isMG (cMdrkWqw), igAwnI hzurw isMG (dulhn) dw nwm ilAw jw skdw hY[ ienHW nwvlkwrW dIAW rcnwvW nUUM AMgryzI rcnwvW au~qy AwDwirq jW aunHW dy Ku~lHy Anuvwd jW punr-isrjx mMinAW jWdw hY[ ies dOr dw iek hor nwvlkwr mIrW b^S imnhws hY[ aus dw nwvl nvwb ^wn (1927) hY[ ies nwvl ivc pMjwb dy pyNfU jIvn dw ic`qr pyS kIqw igAw hY[ ies ivc ipMf dy lokW dy mwnisk ipCVyvyN nUM pyS krn leI Aijhy pwqrW dI khwxI khI geI hY ijhVy AwpxI i&zUl ^rcI dIAW AwdqW krky krzy dI dldl ivc Ps jWdy hn[ sMBv hY ieh nwvl pMjwb dy pyNfU jIvn dIAW sMswrk-sm~isAwvW  bwry pMjwbI ivc iliKAw igAw pihlw nwvl hovy[

ies dOr ivc nwnk isMG (1897-1971) dy mu`Fly dOr dy nwvlW nUM vI r`K skdy hW[ ienHW ivc &OlwdI Pu`l (1923,1931) mqryeI mW (1924), kwl c`kr (1924), im`Tw mhurw (1926) Aqy pRym sMgIq (1929) Awid nwvlW nUM r`K skdy hW[ ienHW qoN ibnw sulW dy syz (1933) nwmI nwvl dw izkr vI AwauNdw hY[ ieh nwvl mUl rUp ivc bMgwlI nwvl ‘ieh v`fw Grwxw’ dw Anuvwd hY pr nwnk isMG ny ies nUM ihMdI ivcoN pMjwbI ivc Anuvwd kr ky CpvwieAw[ ies nwvl nwnk isMG dy AiBAwsI dOr dy nwvl hn, ies leI ieh nwnk isMG dI nwvlI pRwpqI Aqy pRiqBw dI pRiqinDqw nhIN krdy[

ivAkqIgq suDwr, romWs Aqy XQwrQ dw imSrx:

mu`Fly nwvl dI Dwrimk suDwrvwdI idRStI qoN rcy gey ieiqhwsk rumWsW Aqy AqIq dI siBAwcwrk ivrwsq dy AwdrSIkrn vwly nwvlW qoN bwAd smkwlI smwijk jIvn Aqy aus ivc sDwrx mnu`K dIAW muSiklW nUM nwvlW dw ivSw bxwieAw jwx l`gw[ hux nwvlW ivc ivrwsq dy nwkwrwqmk p`KW Aqy sQwipq nYiqk kdrW kImqW nUM Awlocnwqmk idRStI qoN dyKxw-prKxw Aqy pyS krnw SurU hoieAw[ ienHW nwvlW ivc pyS izMdgI dIAW muSiklW Aqy aunHW pRiq mnu`KI huMgwry qoN ieh sMkyq imldw hY ik nwvlkwrW ny mnu`K dI byhqrI nUM AqIq dI bjwey Biv`K nwl joV ky dyKxw-smJxw SurU kr ilAw sI[ ies leI ieiqhwsk qbdIlI pRiq  aunHW dw idRStIkox Biv`KmuKI Aqy pRgqISIl bxnw SurU ho igAw sI[ nwvlkwrW dI vsqU-idRStI Aqy rcnw idRStI ivc ieh qbdIlI nwnk isMG qoN SurU krky gurb^S isMG pRIqlVI, jsvMq isMG kMvl, sMq isMG syKoN, suirMdr isMG nrUlw Aqy mgrly nwvlkwrW dIAW rcnwvW ivcoN JlkdI hY[

nwnk isMG ny Awpxy nwvlW nwl ivAkqIgq suDwr dy AwSy nwl smwijk jIvn dy mn&I p`KW dw icqrx krnw SurU kIqw[ nwnk isMG ny Awpxy mu`Fly nwvlW qoN bwAd ic`tw lhU (1932) Aqy piv`qr pwpI (1942) ijhy nwvlW dI rcnw nwl vDyry pRoFqw dw sbUq id`qw qy pMjwbI nwvl nUM nvIAW sMBwvnwvW nwl joiVAw[ aus ny smkwlI smwijk msilAW nUM Awpxy nwvlW dw ivSw bxwieAw Aqy Awpxy pwqrW nUM sMprdwiek v`KryvyN dI bjwey aunHW dy ivAkqIgq guxW AOguxw dy pRsMg ivc icqrnw SurU kIqw[ aus ny smwijk sm`isAwvW nUM Drm dI bjwey mnu`KI cir`qr dI aUxqweIAW nwl joV ky smJxw SurU kIqw[ aus dy nwvlW ivc jIvn dy duKWq boD nUM pyS kIqw jwx l`gw[ nwnk isMG ny kul 37 mOilk nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ aus dy nwvlW ic`tw lhU Aqy piv`qr pwpI qoN ielwvw ipAwr dI dunIAW (1938), lv mYirj (1947), A`g dI Kyf (1948), Kun dy soihly (1948), mJDwr (1949), ic`qrkwr (1950), Awdm^or (1951), k`tI hoeI pqMg (1952), nwsUr (1953), iek imAwn do qlvwrW (1960), ienHW , koeI hirAw bUt irho rI? (1964) Aqy ggn dmwmw bwijAw (1967) nUM pwTk vrg v`loN cMgw huMgwrw imilAw[ ienHW ivcoN aus dy nwvl ‘iek imAwn do qlvwrW’ nUM 1961 ivc BwrqI swihq AkwfmI dw purskwr pRwpq hoieAw[ aus ny 1947 qoN bwAd Cpy Awpxy nwvlW ivc dyS vMf dy duKWq Aqy Bwrq dy suqMqr hox qoN bwAd Awm bMdy dIAW muSiklW dy h`l nw hox Aqy s`qw au~pr nvyN kwbz hoey SwskW dy iBRSt ivhwr nUM vDyry XQwrQmeI rUp ivc pyS krnw SurU kIqw Aqy aus dI vsqU idRStI ivAkqIvwdI suDwrvwd dI bjwey smUhk qbdIlI dy supny qoN pRBwivq hox l`gI[ siQqI pirvrqn jW cir`qr pirvrqn dI QW ivvsQw pirvrqn dI cwhq dIAW soAW aus dy nvyN nwvlW ivcoN suxn l`gIAW[

ies auprMq gurb^S isMG pRIqlVI ny ‘AxivAwhI mW’ (1938) rwhIN pRc`ilq smwijk-nYiqk ivDwn au`qy svwl KVHy kIqy Aqy muh`bq Aqy kRWqI dI cwhq nUM joV ky pyS krnw SurU kIqw[ nwvl AxivAwhI mW dI nwiekw &WsI dI zw pRwpq rwjnIqk kYdI nUM Awpxw pqI mMn ky aus dy b`cy dI mW bxdI hY[ ies drimAwn mwstr qwrw isMG (pRym lgn), joSuAw &zl dIn (pRBw) Awid ny pMjwbI ivc nwvl  rcnw nUM inrMqrqw b^SI[ mwstr qwrw isMG dy nwvlW ‘bwbw qygw’  Aqy ‘pRym lgn’ (1934) ivc pMjwbIAW dI qIbr ho rhI rwjsI cyqnw v`l sMkyq kIqw igAw hY Aqy rwj Aqy smwj ivc qbdIlI leI aunHW dI qVp Aqy kurbwnI dy mwdy nUM auBwirAw igAw hY[ mwtr qwrw isMG ny nwvl nUM smwjk-rwjsI mnorQW nwl joiVAw[ joSuAw &zl dIn dy nwvl pRBw nUM pMjwbI dw pihlw mnoivigAwnk nwvl ikhw jWdw hY ijs ivc bwhrly jIvn dy kwrjW dy nwl nwl pwqrW dy mwnisk huMgwirAW nUM vI pyS kIqw igAw hY[

kRWqI dy rumWs Aqy smwijk hkIkqW dy duKWq dI isrjxw v`l:

pMjwbI nwvl dw Aglw AiDAwie jsvNMq isMG kMvl (1919-) dy nwvl ‘s`c nUM &WsI’ (1945), suirMdr isMG nrUlw (1917-2007) dy nwvl ‘ipE pu`qr’ (1946) Aqy sMq isMG syKoN (1908-1997) dy nwvl ‘lhU im`tI’ (1949) nwl Ku`lHdw hY[ jsvMq isMG kMvl ny AwpxI nwvlkwrI dy mu`Fly dOr ivc nwvl ‘s`c nUM PWsI’ ivc idAwnqdwrI Aqy s`cweI nwl slIkydwr jIvn ijaux dy AwdrS nUM auBwirAw Aqy s`c dI ivroDI siBAwcwrk, rwjsI Aqy inAwiek ivvsQw dw ic`qr pyS kIqw[ sMq isMG syKoN Aqy suirMdr isMG nrUlw ny AMgryzI nwvl dI mu`KDwrw dI XQwrQvwdI rcnw ivDI dy AnurUp nwvl ilKy[ sMq isMG syKoN ny Awpxy nwvl ‘lhU im`tI’ ivc pMjwb dy pyNfU lokyl nUM AwDwr bxw ky pMjwb Aqy ivSyS krky bwr dy ielwky dI ikswnI jIvn dIAW muSiklW nUM pyS kIqw[ Awpxy dUsry nwvl ‘bwbw ausmwn’ (1971) ivc syKoN ny ihMdosqwn dI AwzwdI dI jMg ivc Awm pMjwbI bMdy dy Xogdwn Aqy kurbwnI nUM auBwrirAw hY[ suirMdr isMG nrUlw ny Awpxy nwvl ‘ipE p`uqr’ ivcN bsqIvwdI AwDuinkqw dy Asr nwl pMjwb dy SihrI jIvn ivc Aw rhIAW qbdIlIAW dw pRikrqIvwdI ibrqWq auswirAw[ ies qoN bwAd nrUlw dy nwvl rMg mihl (1950), dIn qy dunIAW (1954), jg bIqI (1954), lok duSmx (1954), Awpxy prwey (1955), idl dirAw (1960), isl AlUxI (1962), rwhy kurwhy (1981), rwqW hoeIAW v`fIAW (1983) Aqy g`lW idn rwq dIAW (1987) Awid pRkwiSq hoey[ nrUlw dy nwvlW ivc pMjwb ivc rUp Dwr rhy Sihr dw Aks au`Brdw hY[ aus dy nwvlW ivc  siQqIAW Aqy irSiqAW dy jwl ivc PwQy pwqr dI hoxI nUM pyS kIqw igAw huMdw hY[ ies leI aus dy nwvlW ivc koeI pwqr nwiekqv nUUM pRwpq nhIN krdw[ nrUlW ny pMjwbI nwvl nUM XQwrQ icqrx nwl joiVAw[

jsvMq isMG kMvl ny smUhk AwdrS dI pRwpqI leI ivAkqIgq p`Dr qy sUrbIrqw nwl sMGrS krdy nwiek dI isrjxw kIqI[jsvMq isMG kMvl ny iqMn drjn dy krIb nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI hY[ aus dy nwvlW pwlI (1946), pUrnmwSI (1949), rwq bwkI hY (1954), isvl lweInz (1956), rUpDwrw (1959),  im`qr ipAwry nUM (1966), jyrw (1968), lhU dI loA (1977), AYinAW ‘coN au~To sUrmW (1985), qoSwlI dI hMso (1993) Aqy iek hor hYln (2001)  nUM mukwblqn vDyry pRis`DI imlI[ aus nUM qoSwlI dI hMso nwvl au~qy swl 1997 dw swihq AkwfmI purskwr id`qw igAw[ kMvl mUl rUp ivc pMjwbI smwj ivc kRWqIkwrI pirvrqn dI cwhq dw nwvlkwr hY[ auh pMjwbI ikswnI dI idRStI qoN sMswr Aqy ieiqhws nUM dyKdw hY[ pMjwb dy ieiqhws ivc ijvyN ijvyN pMjwb dI ikswnI dI idRStI Aqy rwjnIqk soc ivc Prk AwieAw hY, auvyN auvyN jsvMq isMG kMvl dw idRStIkox vI bdldw irhw hY[ aus ny mujwrw lihr, nkslbwVI lihr, ^wilsqwn p`KI lihr nwl hmdrdI pYdw krn vwly nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ kMvl dy nwvlW ivc nwiek bhuq blSwlI huMdw hY[ ieh nwiek Awpxy in`jI ikrdwr Aqy mwnisk bl dy AwDwr ‘qy smwj nUM kRWqIkwrI moV dyx dy supny dyKdw Aqy aunHW leI sMGrS krdw hY[ iesy leI kMvl dy nwvl nOjvwnW ivc SOk nwl pVHy jWdy rhy hn[ienHW dy smwnWqr hI krqwr isMG du`gl (1917-2012) ny Awpxy nwvlW rwhIN jIvn XQwrQ dy nvyN pwswrW nUM pRgt krnw SurU kIqw[ aus ny ivAkqI nUM aus dIAW kwmuk AkWiKAwvW qy ivAkqIgq ie`CwvW dy pRsMg ivc icqrxw SurU kIqw[ krqwr isMG du`gl dw pihlw nwvl AWdrW 1949 ivc CipAw[ aus ny pMjwbI ivc 17 nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ aus dy nwvlW ivcoN nhuM qy mws (1951), hwl murIdW dw (1968), AMmI nUM kI ho igAY (1982), Pu`lW dw swQ (1986), nwnk nwm cVHdI klw (1989), qyry Bwxy () Aqy srb`q dw Blw () aus dI nwvlkwrI dI v`Krqw nUM sQwipq krn vwly nwvl hn[ aus  ny Awpxy nwvlW rwhIN pMjwb dy ieiqhws nUM vI ibAwn kIqw hY Aqy smkwlI jIvn ivclIAW smwijk sm`isAwvW nUM vI[ pr mUl rUp ivc iek romWitk nwvlkwr hY ijs dw &oks pwqrW dy ivAkiqqv nUM aunHW dy mwnisk Aqy Bwvuk huMgwirAW smyq pyS krn au~qy rihMdw hY[

ienHW qoN ielwvw ies dOr ivc AMimRqw pRIqm (1919-2005) Aqy nirMdrpwl isMG (1924-2003) ny vI pMjwbI nwvlkwrI dy QImk dwiery nUM vsIh krn ivc Xogdwn pwieAw[ AMimRqw pRIqm ny 25 dy krIb nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI Aqy mUl rUp ivc ipAwr khwxIAW dy duAwly smkwlI smwj ivclIAW bMidSW, nYiqk mwnqwvW dI Zir&q ivc sihkdI izMdgI Aqy dyS vMf dy duKWq smyq hor smwijk sm`isAwvW nUM ibAwn kIqw[ aus ny Awpxy Awly duAwly dy smwj nUM sMvydnSIl Aqy h`sws AOrq dy idRStIkox qoN pyS krn ivc pihl kIqI Aqy AOrq dy AnuBv nUM pMjwbI nwvl dy rcnw sMswr ivc joiVAw[ aus dy pRmu`K nwvlW ivc fwktr dyv (1949), ipMjr (1950), bMd drvwzw (1961), iek sI AnIqw (1964), c`k nMbr C`qI (1964), id`LI dIAW glIAW (1968), hrd`q dw izMdgInwmw (1984) Awid nUM Swiml kIqw jw skdw hY[  

ies dOr ivc nirMdrpwl isMG dy mu`Fly nwvlW nUM r`iKAw jw skdw hY[ bwAd ivc aus ny pMjwbI ivc ieiqhwsk nwvl ilKx dI iprq pweI pr aus dw pihlw nwvl mlwh 1948 ivc CipAw ijhVw nwvl G`t romWck-krwmwqI GtnwvW nwl buxI hoeI lMmI bwq vDyry sI[ ies dor ivc aus dy nwvlW ivc sYnwpqI, aunqwlI vrHy (1951), iek rwh iek pVw (1956), qRIAw jwl (1957) Amn dy rwh (1957) Aqy SkqI (1964) nUM Swiml kIqw jw skdw hY[ ienHW nwvlW ivc nirMdrpwl isMG is`K ieiqhws dy pUrv AwdrS dI rOSnI ivc smkwlI bMdy dy ikrdwr Aqy ivhwr ivc AweI igrwvt nUM pyS krdw hY[ ienHW nwvlW nUM nirMdrpwl isMG dI bwAd dI nwvlkwrI dI mSk hI smiJAw jw skdw hY[ ies pRkwr ies dOr dw pMjwbI nwvl mUl rUp ivc iksy nw iksy smwijk AwdrS nUM pRwpq krn leI AwdrS dI isrjxw vwlw nwvl hY[

pMjwbI bMdy dI smwijk-AwriQk siQqI Aqy mnodSw dy XQwrQ dI pySkwrI 

pMjwbI nwvl XQwrQ dI mnorQmUlk qy AwdrSmUlk isrjxw qoN audoN pwsw v`tdw hY jdoN pMjwb dI vMf smyN qy ies qoN bwAd AwzwdI qy sMprdwiek sWJ dy AwdrS iqVkdy hn[ AMgryzW dy cly jwx qoN bwAd ‘sB A`Cw’ ho jwx dy supny Aqy Awzwd i&zw dI im`Q dy iqVkx qoN bwAd pMjwb dI cyqnw ivc ieh boD pYdw huMdw hY ik bMdy dy bhuqy msly ies leI ijauN dy iqauN hn Aqy hwkm dy bdlx dy bwvjUd mnu`KI siQqI nhIN bdlI hY[ ies nwl nyVy dw XQwrQ iDAwn iK`cx lgdw hY Aqy pMjwbI nwvlkwrI ivAkqIgq gux jW doS nUM suKWq jW duKWq dw kwrx mMnx dI bjwey ivvsQw dIAW bwrIkIAW qy prqW nUM pyS krn dy rsqy pY jWdI hY[ pMjwbI ibrqWq ivc AwzwdI qoN bwAd hoNd ivc AweI ivvsQw dw Awlocnwqmk boD auqpMn hox l`gdw hY[ ies iksm dI rcnwqmk cyqnw dw pRgtwA pihlW sohx isMG sIql (1909-2000) dy nwvlW qUqW vwlw KUh (1963) qy jug bdl igAw (1972) Awid ivc Aqy mgroN jw ky vDyry pRoF rUp ivc guridAwl isMG dy nwvlW mVHI dw dIvw qy Axhoey Awid ivc pRgt hoxI SurU huMdI hY[

sohx isMG sIql dw pihlw nwvl ‘mu`l dw mws’ 1949 ivc CipAw[ aus dy kul 22 nwvl pRkwisq hoey ijnHW ivcoN auprokq nwvlW qoN ibnW jMg jW Amn (1959), DrqI dy dyvqy (1962), iecoigl nihr qk (1966) Awid nUM aus dI nwvlkwrI dy pRiqinD mMinAW jWdw hY[ Awpxy mu`Fly nwvlW ivclI suDwrk rucI Aqy romWitqw qoN AgWh vDidAW sIql ny pyNfU pMjwbI jIvn ivcly iviBMn vrgW dI AwriQk siQqI, mswijk sMbMDW Aqy jwqI-jmwqI drjybMdI nUM XQwrQmeI rUp ivc pyS krnw SurU kIqw[ aus ny Awpxy nwvlW rwhI sMprdwiek tkrwA ip`Cy kMm krdy AwriQk pRyrkW dI pCwx kIqI[ iksy vI iksm dI jMg nUM aus ny mwnv-ivroDI vrqwry dy rUp ivc pyS kridAW AMD-rwStrvwd au~qy svwl auTwieAw[ ieMJ sohx isMG sIql pMjwbI ivc XQwrQvwdI nwvl isrjx dI prMprw nUM sQwipq krn vwly nwvlkwrW ivcoN iek hY[

ies auprMq guridAwl isMG (1933-2016) pMjwbI ivc Aijhy nwvlW dI rcnw krdw hY ijnHW ivc AwzwdI qoN bwAd sDwrx pMjwbI bMdy dy mn ivc p`srI inrwSw Aqy Axhoeypn dy Aihsws dI qsvIrkSI kIqI geI hY[ aus dy nwvl mVHI dw dIvw (1964) ivc DrqI Aqy Drvws gvw cu`ky aus ikrqI bMdy dI dI qRwsidk hoxI nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY ijs dw ^uSI, supny, muh`bq Aqy snmwn ‘qy koeI dwAvw nhIN irhw[ ies qoN bwAd guridAwl isMG dy nwvl Axhoey (1966), ryqy dI iek mu`TI (1967), kuvylw (1968), A`D cwnxI rwq (1972), AwQx augx (1974), AMnHy GoVy dw dwn (1976), phu Putwly qoN pihlW (1982), prsw (1991) Aqy Awhx (2013) pRkwiSq hoey[ aus ny Awpxy nwvlW ivc sDwrx ikrqI pMjwbI bMdy dy qRwsdI dy nwl nwl aus dy sMGrS Aqy gOrv nUM vI pyS kIqw hY[ aus dy nwvlW dw kyNdrI pwqr AwpxIAW siQqIAW nwl sMGrS krdw hoieAw hwr jwx Aqy qbwh hox leI qW iqAwr hY pr iksy iksm dw smJOqw krn leI iqAwr nhIN[ guridAwl isMG s`qw Aqy smwijk pRbMD dy qS`dd nUM sihMdy sDwrx ikrqI bMdy dI mwnisk qkVweI Aqy cir`qrk pikAweI dw nwvlkwr hY[

guridAwl isMG dI ies prMprw nUM krmjIq isMG ku`sw (1953-1998) Awpxy nwvlW rwq dy rwhI (1979) qy rohI bIAwbwn (1983) nwl hor A`gy vDwauNdw hY[ aus dw pihlw nwvl burky vwly lutyry 1977 ivc pRkwiSq hoieAw[ ienHW qoN ielwvw aus dy nwvl A`g dw gIq (1985), z^mI dirAw (1991) Aqy Akwl purKI (1998) pRkwiSq hoey[ aus dy nwvl ivc pMjwb dI hyTlI ikswnI dI siQqI Aqy sMGrS nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY[ auh Awpxy nwvlW rwhIN pMjwbI smwj ivclIAW SoSxkwrI Aqy dmnkwrI siBAwcwrk bxqrW nUM auGwVdw hY Aqy KyqI au~qy inrBr ikrqI lokweI dI hoxI nUM pyS krdw hY[ sohx isMG sIql, guridAwn isMG Aqy krmjIq isMg ku`sw ijhy nwvlkwrW nwl pMjwbI ivc pihlI vwr ipMf dI ikswnI qoN ielwvw hor ikrqI lokweI jW vDyry spSt SbdW ivc kiQq nIvIAW jwqW dy pwqr ibrqWqk &oks ivc Awaux lgdy hn[

pMjwbI nwvl dy ieiqhws dy ies dOr ivc XQwrQvwdI glpI ivDI dy nwl nwl AwDuinkqwvwdI-pRXogvwdI glp ivDI dy nwvlW dI rcnw vI kIqI jw rhI sI[ ies glp ivDI dy AnuswrI nwvlkwrW ivc surjIq isMG syTI (1928-1995) Aqy nirMjn qsnIm (1929- ) dw nwm pRmu`K hY[ surjIq isMG syTI dy nwvl iek ^wlI ipAwlw (1960) ivc SihrI jIvn ivc hMFxswr irSiqAW qoN auprwm hoey ivAkqI dI Btkxw Aqy inrwSw nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY[ syTI ny Awpxy nwvlW ivc pwqrW dy kwrjW dI bjwey mwniskqw dy vyrivAW dy icqrx nUM izAwdw mh`qv id`qw hY[ aus dy pRmuK nwvlW ivc k`lH vI sUrj nhIN cVHygw (1967), Awbrw kdwbrw (1972), fubdy sUrj nUM slwm (1974) Aqy bdnwm sVkW (1979) dw izkr kIqw jw skdw hY[ nirMjn qsnIm ny vI p`CmI AwDuinkvwdI nwvl dI qrz au~qy AwDuink mnu`K dy mno sMswr nUM pyS krn dw Xqn kIqw hY[ aus dw pihlw nwvl ksk 1966 ivc pRkwiSq hoieAw[ ies auprMq aus dy nwvlW ivc prCwvyN (1968), qRyVW qy rUp (1967), ryq Cl (1969), hnyrw hox qk (1971), iek hor nvW swl (1974), jdoN svyr hoeI (1977), gvwcy ArQ (1993) Aqy qlwS koeI sdIvI (1999) Awid pRmu`K hn[ nirMjn qsnIm ny Awpxy nwvlW ivc sDwrx ikrqI bMdy dI duKmeI Aqy sMGrSmeI izMdgI qoN lY ky pMjwb sMkt dy smyN sMprdwiek qxwE Bry mhOl ivc sDwrx bMdy dI Asur`iKAqw Aqy AinSicq hoxI dw ibrqWq isrijAw hY pr auh bwhrI BOiqk sMswr Aqy mnu`KI kwrj dy vyrivAW dI bjwey ies sMswr Aqy kwrj ivcoN lMG rhy bMdy dI mwnisk auQl puQl Aqy qxwE nUM pyS krdw hY[

SihrI vwqwvrx ivc ijauN rhI m`D SRyxI nwl sbMDq pwqrW dy mno-ivhwr dI pySkwrI nUM vDyry gihrweI qy ivsqwr suKbIr (1925-2012) dy nwvlW rwq dw ichrw (1961) Aqy pwxI qy pul (1970) ivc hwisl huMdw hY[ aus dy pRmu`K nwvlW ivc grdS (1973), sVkW qy kmry (1974) Aqy A`Dy pOxy (1981) nUM Swiml kIqw jw skdw hY[ ies dOr ivc nirMdrpwl isMG dy ieiqhwsk nwvl vwlhu in`kI (1960), KMinauN iq`KI (1962), eyiq mwrg jwxw (1964) Aqy iek srkwr bwJoN (1967) vI pRkwiSq huMdy hn ijnHW ivc is`K imslW dy sMGrS qoN lY ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj dy ^qm hox qk dy ieiqhws nUM ibAwn kIqw igAw hY[ nirMdrpwl isMG dI nwvlkwrI ieiqhws dw romWs isrjx vwlI hY[ ies ivc ieiqhws dI smkwlInqw Aqy Awlocnwqmk idRStIkox dI QW ieiqhwsk nwiekW dy gOrv nUM auBwirAw igAw hY[ ies qoN ielwvw mohn kwhloN (1934- ) vI ies dOr dw pRmuK nwvlkwr hY ijs ny rwvI dy nyVy dy ArD phwVI ielwky dy BU-idRS Aqy sWsikRiqk ip`TBUmI ivc mwnv dIAW mUl ieMidirAwvI iK`cW Aqy siBAwcwrk bMDnw dy qxwE nUM Awpxy nwvlW mClI iek dirAw dI (1970), byVI qy bryqw (1970), prdysI ruK (1972), gorI ndI dw gIq (1975), bwrwdrI dI rwxI (1978), kwlI im`tI (1986) Aid ivc pyS kIqw hY[ aus dw iek hor nwvl vih gey pwxI dyr bwAd 2003 ivc pRkwiSq hoieAw ijs ivc pihly ivSvXu`D ivc mwnvI irSiqAW dI qRwsidk hoxI nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY[

ies dy nwl hI ies dOr ivc AMimRqw pRIqm dy nwvlW nwl SurU hoeI nwrI sMvydnw vwlI glpkwrI dI prMprw ivc dlIp kOr itvwxw (1935- ) iek mh`qvpUrx hsqwKr dy qOr qy auBr ky swhmxy AwauNdI hY[ auh ipqrkI ivvsQw ivc Aorq dI qRwsdI au~qy &oks krdI hY Aqy iek zhIn sMvydnSIl AOrq dw ibMb GVdI hY[ aus dw pRQm nwvl AgnI prIiKAw hY jo 1966 ivc pRkwiSq hoieAw[ aus dy dUjy nwvl ieho hmwrw jIvxw (1968) nUM swihq AkwfmI dw purskwr pRdwn kIqw igAw[ ienHW qoN ielwvw aus dy pRmu`K nwvlW ivc qIlI dw inSwn (1970), vwt hmwrI (1970), dusrI sIqw (1975), srkMfiAW dy dys (1976), pIly p~iqAW dI dwsqwn (1980), hsqw^r (1982), pYVcwl (1984), lMG gey dirAw (1990), ijmI puCY Asmwn (1993) Aqy kQw kho aUrvSI (2000) dw izkr kIqw jw skdw hY[ ies dy nwl hI AjIq kOr (1934- ) Awpxy nwvl gorI Aqy swvIAW icVIAW ivc sMgRihq nwvlY`tW ivc SihrI pVHI ilKI Aqy AwpxI SrIrk qy mwnisk hoNd nUM jqwaux vwlI AOrq dy msilAW qy sMktW nUM auBwrdI hY[ iesqrI srokwrW nUM pyS krn vwlI iek hor nwvlkwr bljIq kOr b`lI (1939- ) hY ijs ny Awpxy nwvl TrI rwq (1982) Aqy Du`p dI vwt (1994) ivc AOrq dI in`jI cox Aqy ausdy smwjI pRiqPl dy AwpsI dvMd nUM pyS kIqw hY[

pMjwb sMkt Aqy pMjwbI nwvl

ies auprMq vIhvIN sdI dy nOvyN dhwky dy pMjwb dI sMkt siQqI pMjwbI nwvlkwrI dy ruK nUM moV idMdI hY[ pMjwbI nwvlkwr ies sMkt siQqI nUM smJx-smJwaux dI pRikirAw ivc Aijhy nwvlW dI rcnw krdy hn ijnHW ivc sMkt siQqI dy vsqU vyrivAW nUM p`qrkwrI dy p`Dr qy pRgtwieAw igAw hY qy jW iPr aus siQqI bwry iviBMn ivcwrDwrweI pujISnw qoN bihsW nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY[ ies iksm dI nwvlkwrI ivc inMdr ig`l, Em pRkwS gwso, rwm srUp AxKI dy nwvl izkrXog hn[ ies sMkt siQqI dw vDyry gihrw qy gMBIr ic`qr Swh cmn, jsbIr mMf qy blijMdr nsrwlI dy nwvlW ivc imldw hY[ pMjwb sMkt nUM Awpxy nwvlW dw kQw vsqU bxwaux vwly inMdr ig`l dy nwvlW ivc pMjwb 84 (1986) Aqy dihSq dy idnW ivc (1989) dw ivSyS qOr ‘qy izkr kIqw jw skdw hY[ iesy qrHW Em pRkwS gwso (1933) dy nwvl q`qI hvw (1986) Aqy mOq dr mOq (1989) nUM ivcwirAw jw skdw hY[ jsbIr mMf dy nwvl AOV dy bIj (1986) Aqy bwAd ivc Cpy nwvl Kwj (2010) ivc vI pMjwb sMkt dy hoNd ivc Awaux dy AwriQk, siBAwcwrk Aqy mwnisk kwrxw dw ibrqWqk ic`qr pyS kIqw igAw hY[ rwm srUp AxKI dy nwvl ijn isr sohn p`tIAW (1988), dlIp kOr itvwxw ricq ijmI pu`Cy Asmwn (1991), Swh cmn dy nwvl z^mI Zulwb (1989), qlivMdr isMG (1955-2014) dy nwvl XoDy (1998) Aqy blijMdr nsrwlI dy nwvl vIhvIN sdI dI Aw^rI kQw (2004), hrmihMNdr cwhl  dy nwvl blI (2010) Awid ivc pMjwb sMkt dy iviMBMn pihlUAW nUM v``Kry v`Kry ivcwrDwrweI koxW qoN pyS kIqw igAw imldw hY[ ienHW nwvlW ivc ipAwrw isMG Bogl (1931- ) dy nwvl Syr dI svwrI (1995), im`qr sYn mIq (1952- ) dy nwvl q&qIS (1990) Aqy kithrw (1993) nirMjn qsnIm dy nwvl guAwcy ArQ (1993) Aqy krqwr isMG duu`gl dy nwvl PulW dw swQ (1986) dw izkr vI kIqw jw skdw hY[ ienHW nwvlW ivc pMjwb ivc PYl rhy AwqMk, rwjkI puils duAwrw kIqy jw rhy qS`dd, swkw nIlw qwrw, AkqUbr 1984 dw is`K kqlyAwm Awid dy vyrvy vI AwauNdy hn Aqy ienHW duAwly ivcwrDwrk bihs nUM vI pyS kIqw igAw hY Aqy ies sB drimAwn pMjwbI bMdy dI qxwaugRsq hoxI dI qsvIrkSI vI kIqI geI hY[

au~qr pMjwb sMkt pMjwbI nwvl:

pMjwb dI rwjnIqI dy idRSt p`Dr qoN ies sMkt siQqI dy nkS jdoN DuMdly pYx lgdy hn qW lgBg ausy smyN sMswr rwjnIqI dy idRS ivcoN sovIAq XUnIAn ivc smwjvwdI inzwm dy Fih FyrI hox auprMq smwjvwdI AwdrS au`qy pRSn icMnH l`g jWdw hY qy ivSv ivc iek DruvI s`qw kyNdr dI sQwpnw nwl sMswr AwriQk pRbMD ivc v`fIAW qbdIlIAW vwprdIAW hn[ ies smyN pMjwbI nwvlkwrI smwjvwdI AwdrSW qoN pwsw v`t ky mnu`KI AnuBv dIAW bhuiBMn idSwvW vl Xwqrw krn l`gdI hY[ ies ivc rwm srUp AxKI vrgy (1932-2010) nwvlkwr dw auBwr huMdw hY jo Awpxy nwvlW ivc mwlvy dy aup-siBAwcwr dy mhWkwivk ibrqWq isrjdw hoieAw bdl rhy AOrq mrd sbMDW dy ivsiqRq ibEry rwhIN ivAkqIgq kwmnw qy smUhk siBAwcwrk s`qw dy qxwE nUM pyS krdw hY[ aus dy nwvl koTy KVk isMG (1985) ny pMjwbI pwTkW Aqy AwlockW dw iDAwn iK`icAw[ aus qoN bwAd aus dy nwvlW ivcoN prqwpI (1993), du~ly dI Fwb, sl&ws Aqy BImw aus dy izkrXog nwvl hn ijnHW nUM mwlvw AWcl dy pyNfU jIvn dy sWskRiqk dsqwvyj ikhw jw skdw hY[ 

ies smyN pMjwbI ivc ijhVy nwvlkwr bVI srgrmI nwl nwvl rcnw ivc msrU& hn aunHW ivc mnmohn bwvw, ieMdr isMG ^wmoS, bldyv isMG, im`qr sYn mIq, blbIr prvwnw, fw. mnmohn, jsivMdr isMG, Awid dw nwm pRmuK hY[ ieh nwvlkwr iksy iek rcnw SYlI dy AnuswrI nhIN hn Aqy nw hI iksy iek iksm dy jIvn AnuBv ivcoN QIm dI cox krdy hn[ ienHW duAwrw ricq nwvlW ivc QIm, inBwE qy vsqU-idRStI dy p`KoN vMn-suvMnqw dyKx nUM imldI hY[ mnmohn bwvw dI ^wsIAq ieiqhwsk nwvlW dI rcnw krky hY[ aus ny Awpxy nwvlW X`Dnwd, Xu`gAMq, 1857 id`lI id`lI Aqy kwl kQw ivc pMjwb dy ieiqhs dy ivMiBn XugW nUM Awpxy nwvlW dw kQw vsqU bxwieAw hY[ aus dy nwvlW ivc ieiqhws dI punr ivAwiKAw huMdI hY Aqy auh ieiqhws nUM duhrwauNdw nhIN sgoN nvyN ieiqhws dI isrjxw krdw hY Aqy AqIq bwry swfI jwxkwrI jW soJI nUM Awlocnwqmk pirpyK pRdwn krdw hY[ ieMdr isMG ^wmoS ny pihlW pMjwb dy iv`idAk siBAwcwr Aqy hor smwijk msilAW nUM pyS kIqw pr aus dI pCwx ieho ijhy nwvlkwr dy qOr ‘qy sQwipq hoeI ijs ny ivSv swihq dy aunHW mhwn lyKkW bwry jIvnIAwqmk nwvl ilKy ijnHW dI pMjwbI lyKk/pwTk vrg ivc au~GVvIN pCwx bxI hoeI hY[ aunHW nwvlW ivc qwlsqwey bwry kw&r msIhw (2002), AMqon cYKv bwry smuMdrI kbUqrI (2008), dsqovskI bwry kuTwlI piAw sonw (2009), puSikn bwry husnpRsq (2010), inkolweI gogol bwry AwdrSW dw vxjwrw (2010) Aid dw ivSyS izkr kIqw jw skdw hY[

bldyv isMG (1943- ) dI nwvlkwr dy qOr ‘qy pCwx aus dy nwvl lwl b`qI (1999) nwl hoeI[ ies qoN bwAd aus ny pMjwb dI ikswnI dI AwriQk mMdhwlI Aqy siBAwcwrk inGwr bwry nwvl AMndwqw (2002) iliKAw ijs dw dUjw Bwg Kwku jyf nw koie 2013 ivc pRkwiSq hoieAw pr hux aus ny pMjwb dy ieiqhws dy nwiekW dI ibrqWqkwrI nUM Awpxw mu`K rcnqwmk srokwr bxw ilAw hY[ aus ny BweI jYqw bwry pMjvW sihbzwdw (2005), ShId Bgq isMG bwry sqluj vihMdw irhw (2007), bMdw isMG bhwdr bwry mhWblI sUrw (2011), du`ly sUrmy bwry FwhvW id`lI dy ikMgry (2009) Awid nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ aus dy nwvlW ivc nweikqv dy auBwr dIAW ieiqhwsk prisiQqIAW nUM icqridAW nwiekW ivc sDwrx mwnvI guxW nUM auBwrn au~qy vDyry zor id`qw jWdw hY[ im`qr sYn mIq (1952- ) ny Awpxy nwvlW q&qIS 1990), ktihrw (1993), kOrvsBw (2003) Aqy suDwrGr (2006) ivc pMjwb dy puils, inAwiek Aqy jylH pRbMD dIAW hkIkqW nUM auGwiVAw hY[ aus ny ienHW ivc mujirmw, rwjnIqIvwnW Aqy puils dy iBRSt g`TjoV dy nwl nwl inAwiek izMmyvwrI inBwaux leI inXukq j`jW dI Awpxy &rzW pRiq lwprvwhI Aqy koqwhI nUM vI pyS kIqw hY[ joigMdr isMG kYroN (1941- ) ies dOr dw Aijhw nwvlkwr hY ijs ny nwdibMd (1985) ijhy nwvl nwl pMjwbI nwvl dI ibrqWq ivDI nUM gqImwnqw b^SI sI[ aus qoN bwAd ausny ‘sBnw ij`qIAW bwzIAW’ (1993), ‘rozw myA’ (2007), ‘bweIpolrW dy dys’ (2008), ‘nIly qwirAW dI mOq’ (2009) Aid nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ aus dy nwvlW ivc kwmukqw dI iK`c Aqy sMsikRqk nym ivDwn dy nwl nwl s`qw dI Bu`K Aqy jIvn dIAW swrQk kdrW dw qxwE drswieAw jWdw hY[ aus ny kwmukqw nwl sMbMiDq iviBMn guMJlW Aqy svwlW nUM Awpxy nwvlW dy QImk sMswr dw bwg bxwieAw hY[ iesy qrHW blbIr prvwnw vI smkwlI dOr dw nvW sQwipq hoieAw nwvlkwr hY[ aus ny Awpxy nwvlW in`ky in`ky Xu`D (2008), ‘Awpxy Awpxy morcy (2009), gihr cVHI Asmwn (2010), kQw ies Xug dI (2011), AMbr v`l aufwx (2012), KyqW dw rudn (2013) Aqy bhuq swry cursqy (2014) rwhIN AwDuink pMjwb dy BU-idRS, AwriQkqw, kdrW kImqW ivc AweIAW qbdIlIAW dw ibrqWq isrijAw hY[ aus ny pMjwb dI rwjsI cyqnw Aqy K`by p`KI rwjnIqI ivc Awey pirvrqnw nUM vI Awpxy nwvlW ivc pyS krdw hY[ duAwby dI BUgoilk Awly duAwly dI idRSkwrI Aqy aucwrxI BwSw dI vrqoN kwrx aus dI nwvlkwrI dI v`KrI pCwx bxdI hY[ iesy qrHW Avqwr isMG ibilMg (1952) vI au~qr pMjwb sMkt dy dOr dw iek izkrXog nwvlkwr hY[ aus dy pihly nwvl nrMjn mSwlcI (1997) nUM swihqk Aqy Akwdimk jgq v`lo cMgw huMgwrw imilAw sI[ aus qoN bwAd aus dy nwvl KyVy suK vihVy suK (2002), iehnW rwhW au~qy (2007) Aqy ru`q p`q kumlw gey (2012) Aqy KwlI KUhW dI kQw (2014) pRkwiSq hoey[ aus dy nwvlW ivc pMjwb dy Fwhy dy ielwky dI ikswnI jIvn dy v`K v`K pihlUAW dw bwrIkbIn ic`qr isrijAw igAw huMdw hY[ auh pMjwb dy pyNfU jIvn dy nvyN ruJwnW nUM pCwxn dI koiSS krdw hY Aqy nvyN Xug ivc audwsIn ho rhI pyNfU nOjvwn pIVHI dw ibMb isrjdw hY[

ipCly smyN ivc fw. mnmohn dy nwvl inrvwx (2010)  Aqy jsivMdr isMG (1944- ) dy nwvl mwqlok (2011) nUM BwrqI swihq AkwfmI dy purskwr pRdwn kIqy gey[ inrvwx iek dwrSink BWq dw nwvl hY ijs ivc Bwrq ivc drSn dI prMprw ivcly AMqr-ivroDW Aqy ivcwr-sMvwd nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY Aqy nwl hI smkwl ivc smwjvwdI kRWqI dy supny nwl juVy sMGrS dI siQqI nUM vI pyS kIqw igAw hY[ nwvlkwr s`c dI Bwl Aqy kRWqI leI sMGrS dI qulnw ivc muh`bq Bry swQ vwlI izMdgI nUM sB qoN vfyry mnu`KI supny, s`c Aqy AwdrS dy qOr ‘qy pyS krdw hY[ jsivMdr isMG Awpxy nwvl mwqlok ivc pMjwb sMkt Aqy aus qoN bwAd dy ieiqhwsk pirpyK ivc AOrq mrd dy irSiqAW nwl juVy svwlW nUM nij`Tx dI koiSS kIqI hY[ irSiqAW ivc smrpx, AwzwdI, izMmyvwrI, jvwbdyhI dy ivroDwBwsI BwvW nUM iksy sMquln ivc ilAwaux dw svwl ies nwvl dw kyNdrI svwl hY[

au~qr pMjwb sMkt dy dOr dy pMjwbI nwvl ivc auprokq nwvlkwrW dy nwl nwl guridAwl dlwl (pYVW 2013 ), pRgt isMG is`DU (Alivdw AmIrpur 2012), kyvl klotI (hoxI iek dyS dI 1993, GwtI puqligrW dI 2002, hoxI mnu`KI siBAqw dI 2010), dys rwj kwlI (SWqI prv 2009), sqivMdr ku`sw (cwry kufW FUMfIAW 2004 ) Aqy drSn isMG (im`tI 2005, BwaU 2007), ky.AYl. grg (DwrW vwlw pul , qmwSw 2008), nC`qr (in`ky in`ky Asmwn , hnyrIAW glIAW, sloA fwaUn 2012), Swh cmn (rwg ieSk) jsbIr mMf (Kwj 2010, bol mrdwinAW 2015) Aqy prmjIq isMG j`j (ArQ , pCwx bdl geI ) Awid vI smkwlI pMjwbI nwvl dy muhWdry nUM GVn ivc Awpxw ivSyS Xogdwn pwauNdy hn[

pwiksqwnI Aqy prvwsI pMjwbI nwvl:

pMjwbI nwvl dI rcnw p`CmI pMjwb (pwiksqwn) ivc vI ho rhI hY Aqy ivdySW ivc vI[ p`CmI pMjwb dy nwvlkwrW ivc &^r zmwn qoN ielwvw A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw, slIm KW igMmI, Aihsn btwlvI, kihkSW milk qy rzIAw nUr muhMmd Awid ny nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI hY[ &^r zmwn (1940) dy nwvl bMdIvwn (1977) s`q gvwcy lok (1977), iek mry bMdy dI khwxI (1978), byvqnw (1989), kmzwq (2001), Aqy qUM ik mYN (2005) Awpxy QImk jgq Aqy ivSyS ibrqWqk ivDI krky mh`qv dy DwrxI hn[ aus ny pwkisqwn ivc mwrSl lwA l`gx qoN bwAd dI rwjsI Aqy smwijk ivvsQw ivc dmn dw iSkwr bMdy dI hoxI dw ic`qr pyS kIqw hY[ aus dy nwvl pRqIkW dI BwSw ivc Awpxw ArQ sMcwr krdy hn Aqy pRiqroDI rwjnIqk ivcwrDwrw dw qIbr pRgtwA krdy hn[ iesy qrHW A&zl Aihmd rMDwvw iek hor mh`qvpUrx nwvlkwr hY ijs ny duAwbw (1982) Aqy sUrj gRihx (1985) nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ aus dy nwvl pMjwbI sMsikRqI dIAW prMprk kImqW dy gOrv nUM auBwrdy hn[ duAwbw nwvl aus nwvlkwr dy AwpxI mwqBUmI pRiq hyrvy nUM vI pRgt krdw hY[ slIm ^wn igMmI (1932- ) Awpxy nwvl sWJ (1976) ivc do mulkW ivc vMfI geI pMjwbIAq dy drd ivcoN pYdw hoieAw hY[ nwvlkwr ies ivc dovW pwisAW dy pMjwbIAW ivclIAW lwzmI siBAwcwrk sWJW nUM auBwrdw hY[ muhMmd mnSw Xwd dw nwvl twvW twvW qwrw (1997) vI pMjwbI pwTk vrg ivc mkbUl hoieAw hY[ ies nwvl ivc smkwlI pwiksqwnI pMjwb ivc rjvwVwSwhI s`qw Aqy kdrW kImqW dy nwl tjrw rhy ikrqI-ikswnW dI hoxI nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY[ nwvl drswauNdw hY ik v`fIAW zmInw dy mwlk isr& AwriQk qOr ‘qy hI nhIN sgoN bOiDk Aqy mwnisk qOr ‘qy vI ikrqIAW nUM nkwrw krn leI XqnSIl rihMdy hn[ ieMJ ieh nwvl pMjwbI sMsikRqI dy gOrv nUM auBwrn dI bjwey ies ivclIAW dmnkwrI bxqrW nUM auGwVdw hY[  &rzMd AlI pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw iek hor v`fw nwm hY[ aus ny Awpxy nwvlW qweI (1984) ie`k cUMFI lUx dI (1994), DwVvI (), Aqy Bu`bl (1996) rwhIN pwiksqwnI pMjwb ivclI vrg vMf Aqy jwqI ivvsQw dy SoSxkwrI srUp nUM auGwiVAw igAw hY[ aus dy nwvl Bu`bl nUM sB qoN izAwdw mkbUlIAq imlI hY[ ieh nwvl ausqwd dwmn dw jIvn ibrqWq hY pr ies rwhIN nwvlkwr ny pMjwbI smwj Aqy siBAwcwr ivc qkVy dy dbdby Aqy mwVy dy dmn dy BwvpUrq ic`qr pyS kIqy hn[ ienHW qoN ielwvw piksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl ivc kihkSW milk dw nwvl ic~kV rMgI mUrqI (1984), musqn~sr husYn qwrV (1939- ) dy nwvl pKyrU (1978) vI mh`qvpUrx ilKqW hn ijnHW ny pMjwbI nwvl dy muhWdry nUM inKwrn ivc Xogdwn pwieAw[

ivdySI DrqIAW au~qy nwvl ilK rhy pRmuK nwvlkwrW ivc jgjIq brwV (Du`p dirAw dI dosqI 1967), rGuvIr FMf (irSiqAW dI Xwqrw 1991), svrn cMdn  (k`K kwn qy dirAw 1981, kMjkW, aujwVw Aqy smW 2010 ), drSn DIr (lkIrW qy mnu`K 1991, ieh lok 1996, pYVW dy Awr pwr 2001, hwSIey 2008, vihx 2011) hrjIq Atvwl (vn vyA 1999, svwrI 2005, ryq 2003, swauQwl 2009, ibRitS bOrn dysI 2011, Akwl shwie 2012 Aqy Awpxy 2016) swDU ibinMg (jugqU 2002), jrnYl isMG syKw (BgOVw 2003, ivgocw 2009), pRo.hrBjn (jo hwry nhIN 2003, bldy isivAW dw syk 2006),  nkSdIp pjkohw (igrvI hoey mn), iekbwl rwmUvwlIAw (mOq iek pwsport dI 2005), ndIm prmwr (ieMdr jl 2004, ryp 2012, pySI 2006, spONsriSp 2009) blbIr kOr sMGyVw (jwL 2010), iSvcrn isMG ig`l (nmoSI 2011, lwvwirs 2006) Aqy myjr mWgt (smuMdr mMQn 2013) Awid Swiml hn[ ienHW nwvlkwrW ny Awpxy nwvlW ivc prdysI DrqIAW au~qy AwpxI hoNd dI sQwpqI leI sMGrS krdy pMjwbI bMdy dI dwsqwn nUM pyS kIqw hY[ pIVHI pwVy qoN lY ky nslvwdI qS`dd Aqy mSIn nwl mSIn ho ky Awpxy mnu`KI swr qoN ivrvy ho rhy Aqy bygwny siBAwcwr ivc jzb hox leI qrly lY rhy pr  iPr vI bygwny hox dI pIV nUM sihMdy bMdy dI khwxI ienHW dy nwvlW ivc imldI hY[ pihlW pihl prvwsI lyKkW duAwrw ilKy nwvlW ivc nv-prvwsIAW dIAW muSiklW dI qsvIrkSI hI kIqI jWdI sI pr hux hrjIq Atvwl Aqy drSn DIr ijhy nwvlkwrW ny au~Qy jMmI jweI AwvwsI pMjwbIAW dI qIjI-cOQI pIVHI dy jIvn-ibMb nUM pyS krn v`l pySkdmI kIqI hY[ ienHW nwvlW ivc sQwnk siBAqw dy dbwvW Aqy pRbwvW ADIn AOrq Aqy mrd irSiqAW dI bdldI ivAwkrx au~qy ivSyS qOr ‘qy &oks kIqw jWdw hY[ ieMJ prvwsI pMjwbI nwvl pMjwbIAW dy iek v`fy ih`sy dI siQqI, sMGrS, supny, swhs Aqy myjbwn smwj Aqy siBAwcwr nwl sMsrg nUM pyS krdw hoieAw pMjwbI nwvl dy AnuBv sMswr nUM vI AmIr krdw hY Aqy pMjwbI nwvl nUM ivSyS muhwvrw Aqy muhWdrw pRdwn krdw hY[

pMjwbI nwvl dy muhWdry nUM swkwr krn leI auprokq sUcnwmUlk AwlyK qoN spSt ho jWdw hY ik pMjwbI nwvl ny ipCly sO qoN izAwdw swlW dy s&r dOrwn keI SklW bdlIAW hn[ mu`Fly pMjwbI nwvl ivc Dwrimkqw Aqy AqIq dy nwiekW Aqy AwdrSW nwl moh qoN SurU krky pMjwbI nwvlkwrI vrqmwn ivvsQw ivcly mnu`KI dmnkwrI cir`qr nUM auGyVn qk phuMcI hY[ ies ivc AOrq mrd dI ijsmwnI iK`c Aqy kwmukqw nwl sMbMiDq hor aulJxw nUM vI sihj rUp ivc pyS kIqw jwx l`gw hY[ ies ny pyNfU ikswnI dIAW muSiklW dy nwl nwl vrx ivvsQw dy iSkwr dilq bMdy dy drd nUM vI pUrI gihrweI Aqy iS`dq nwl pyS krnw SurU kIqw hY[pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl ny Awpxy ivl`Kx AnuBv sMswr Aqy idRStIkox nwl pMjwbI nwvl ivc nvyN rMg Bry hn[ prvwsI pMjwbI nwvl ny prvws dy AnuBv dy v`K v`K p`KW nUM pMjwbI nwvl ivc pyS krn dy nwl nwl ivdySW dy sMsikRiqk Aqy Bugoilk idRSW dI sWJ pMjwbI pwTk nwl pvweI hY[