pMjwbI nwvl dw muhWdrw
pMjwbI swihq dy AwDuink kwl ivc ijhVIAW
nvINAW swihqk ivDwvW hoNd ivc AweIAW, aunHW ivc nwvl iek pRmu`K ivDw hY[ ieh
ivDw pMjwbI swihq dI AwpxI prMprw ivcoN nhIN jnmI sgoN p~CmI Aqy ^ws krky
brqwnvI pRBwv dy nqIjy vjoN hoNd ivc AweI[ m`DkwlI pMjwbI swihq ivc ik`sw Aqy
vwr dy rUp ivc lMmIAW kwiv-kQwvW imldIAW hn Aqy jnmswKI dy rUp ivc gurU-nwiek
dy jnm qoN lY ky aunHW dy ivrwt ivAkiqqv Aqy dwrSink-ij`qW dw lMmyrw ibrqWq
vwrqk rUp ivc imldw hY pr nwvl vrgI swihqk ivDw m`Dkwl dy smyN pMjwbI ivc mOjUd
nhIN sI[ ies ivDw ny AMgryzI bsqIvwd rwhIN Bwrq ivc pRvyS kIqw Aqy pihlW bMgwlI
Aqy AswmI Aqy aus qoN bwAd aurd Aqy ihMdI vrgIAW AwDuink BwrqI BwSwvW smyq
pMjwbI ivc vI AweI[ au`nIvIN sdI XUrp ivc nwvl dy auBwr dI sdI hY ijs ivc v`K
v`K XUrpI BwSwvW ivc Swhkwr nwvlW dI rcnw hoeI[ p`CmI swihq prMprw nwl Bwrq Aqy
pMjwb dw vwh AMgryzI iv``idAw kwrx ipAw, ies leI BwrqI BwSwvW ivc nwvl dI prMprw
jrmn, &rYNc Aqy ieqwlvI nwvl prMprwvW dI bjwey AMgryzI nwvl prMprw qoN
pRBwivq rhI hY[
pMjwbI nwvl dw
mu`ਢlw dOr:
pMjwbI ivc nwvl
dI SurUAwq au~nIvIN sdI dy dUjy A`D ivc hoeI[ AMgryzW ny 1849 ivc pMjwb nUM
Awpxy kbzy ivc lY ilAw qy ie`Qy AwpxIAW pRSwsink loVW dI pUrqI leI p`CmI BWq dI
iv`idAw pRxwlI SurU kIqI qy iesweI imSnrIAW sQwipq kIqIAW[ iek pwsy iesweI
imSnrIAW ny Awpxy Drm pRcwr leI nwvl ijhy rUp dI vrqoN krnI SurU kIqI qy dUjy
pwsy v`K v`K korsW ivc AMgryzI nwvl pVHwey jwx l`gy[ ies sB dy pRiqkrm ivc
pMjwb ivc isMG sBw lihr ADIn is`KI dy pRcwr Aqy eIsweIAq smyq p`CmI siBAwcwr dy
pRBwv nUM rokx leI nwvlW dI rcnw SurU hoeI[ pMjwbI nwvl dy ies dOr ivc BweI vIr
isMG, BweI mojn isMG vYd, crn isMG ShId, Amr isMG Cwpyvwlw, hrb^S isMG, mIrW
b^S imnhws Aqy nwnk isMG dIAW mu`FlIAW rcnwvW nUM Swiml kr skdy hW[ ies dOr ivc
pihlW iesweI imSnrIAW dy nwvl AwauNdy hn, ienHW qoN bwAd isMG sBw lihr qoN
pRBwivq nwvl ilKy gey Aqy ies auprMq smkwlI smwijk XQwrQ Aqy sDwrx mnu`K dy
sMswrk msilAW nUM nwvlkwrI dw ivSw bxwieAw jwxw SurU huMdw hY[
ies dOr ivc pihlW
pihl imSnrIAW ny Awpxy Drm pRcwr dy mnorQ dI pUrqI ihq jOn bnIAn dy AMgryzI
nwvl Pilgrim’s Progress dw pMjwbI
qrjmw ‘msIhI muswi&r dI Xwqrw’ (1859) dy nwm nwl CpvwieAw[ pMjwbI ivc hI
iek hor nwvl ‘jXoiqrudX’ 1876 ivc CipAw imldw hY, ijs bwry Anumwn kIqw jWdw hY
ik ieh iksy imSnrI duAwrw pihlW bMgwlI ivc iliKAw igAw hovygw ijs nUM bwAd ivc pMjwbI
ivc qrjmw krvw ky CwipAw igAw hovygw hY[ pr bMgwlI ivc ies nwm dw koeI nwvl
nhIN imldw[ ienHW dovW nwvlW ivc iesweI mq Aqy AMgryzI jIvn jwc nUM byhqrIn
swibq krn dI koiSS kIqI geI hY Aqy BwrqI lokW dIAW Dwrimk kiriAwvW nUM nIvyN
drjy dIAW drswieAw igAw hY[
SurU SurU ivc
AMgryzW ny nwvl dI ivDw nUM pRc`ilq krn ivc ivSyS idlcspI leI[ ies g`l dy pRmwx
vI imldy hn ik aunHW ny AMgryzI smyq v`K v`K BwSwvW ivc nwvl rcnw dy mukwbly vI
krvwey[ Bwrq ivc ihMdI Aqy pMjwbI qoN pihlW bMgwlI, AswmI Aqy aurdU ivc mOilk
nwvlW dI rcnw hoxI SurU ho cu`kI sI[ ‘msIhI muswi&r dI Xwqrw’ Aqy jXoiqrudX
dy pRkwSn qoN bwAd pVHy ilKy pMjwbIAW nUM nwvl vrgI ivDw dI jwxkwrI hoeI Aqy
aunHW ivc Awpxy Dwrimk AkIidAW dy pRcwr leI ies ivDw dI vrqoN dI Bwvnw pYdw hox
l`gI[ iesy leI isMG sBw lihr dy AwgUAW ny nwvl ijhy lMmy vwrqk ibrqWq rwhIN
is`K Drm Aqy is`K ieiqhws dw pRcwr-pRswr krnw SurU kIqw[ gurmuKI il`pI ivc Cpy
ienHW mu`Fly nwvlW qoN ielwvw AMgryzI BwSw Aqy swihq qoN jwxUM ho cu`ky pVHy
ilKy pMjwbIAW nUM AMgryzI ivc Cpy nwvlW dI jwxkwrI vI imlxI SurU hoeI[ ienHW
AMgryzI nwvlW ivc Awm bMidAW dIAW dUr dys dIAW romWck XwqrwvW dy nwl nwl ieSk
musk dIAW khwxIAW vI drj sn[ bsqIvwdI ZulwmI Bog rhy Aqy ies ZulwmI dy pRqikrm
vjoN Awpxy ieiqhws Aqy siBAwcwr dy AqIq dI mihmw gwaux vwly pVHy ilKy pMjwbIAW
nUM ies iksm dIAW XwqrwvW Aqy ieSk dIAW khwxIAW bhuqIAW cMgIAw nhIN l`gIAW[ ies
leI aunHW ny sMswrk iviSAW bwry ilKy gey nwvlW dI bjwey Dwrimk iviSAW bwry ilKy
gey AMgryzI nwvlW qoN vDyry pRyrxw leI[
pMjwbI dw pihlw
mOilk nwvl ‘suMdrI’ (1898) nUM mMinAw jWdw hY ijs dI rcnw BweI vIr isMG (1872-1957)
ny kIqI[ idlcsp q`Q ieh hY ik ies dI BUimkw ivc BweI vIr isMG ny ies nUM
nwvl mMnx dI bjwey is`K ieiqhws dy s`cy smwcwrW dw sMgRih ikhw hY[ Asl ivc BweI
vIr isMG dw zor ies g`l qy hY ik ieh AMgryzI nwvlW vWg mnorMjn pRdwn krn vwlI
rcnw nhIN sgoN iek aupdySwqmk rcnw hY ijs dw mksd pwTk nUM is`K ieiqhws dy
gOrvmeI ivrsy qoN jwxUM krvw ky is`KI nwl joVnw hY[ ieMJ pMjwbI ivc nwvl dw jnm
XUrp ivc nwvl dy jnm nwloN iblkul v`Kry hwlwq ivc qy v`Kry mnorQ nwl hoieAw[ BweI
vIr isMG ny suMdrI qoN bwAd ibjY isMG (1899), sqvMq kOr (1900), Aqy bwbw nOD
isMG (1918) Awid nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ BweI vIr isMG dy pihly iqMn nwvlW
nUM sMq isMG syKoN ieiqhwsk rumWs kihMdw hY ikauNik ienHW nwvlW ivc is`K imslW
dy smyN dI is`KI nUM AwdrSk rUp ivc pyS kIqw igAw hY Aqy AqIq dy gOrvSwlI is`K
ivrsy dw pRyrxwmeI ibrqWq isrijAw igAw hY[ pr bwbw nOD isMG nwvl ilKx l`igAW
BweI vIr isMG smkwlI jIvn Aqy is`K smwj dy msilAW nUM pyS krdw hY[ ieMJ smkwlI
XQwrQ BweI vIr isMG dy nwvlW ivc AMSk rUp ivc pRgt hoxw SurU huMdw hY[
BweI vIr isMG
qoN bwAd BweI mohn isMG vYd qy s.s.crn isMG ShId ny nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ ienHW
ny pMjwbI nwvl nUM ieiqhws ivc vwprIAw GtnwvW dy smwcwr dI pySkwrI dI QW smkwlI
jIvn dy icqrx nwl joiVAw[ ies p`KoN ienHW dy nwvl romWs qoN XQwrQ dy icqrx vl
pMjwbI nwvl dI Xwqrw nUM drswauNdy hn[ ies dOr dw nwvl Dwrimk-sMprdwiek mnorQW
dI pUrqI leI iliKAw igAw nwvl hY[ pMjwbI swihq dy ieiqhwsW ivc BweI mohn
isMG vYd (1881-1936) duAwrw rcy gey ijnHW nwvlW dw izkr AwauNdw hY, aunHW
ivc suSIlw nUMh (1912), suBwg kOr (1912), Syr bhwdr Syr isMG (1912), rimMdr kOr
(1912), krm Xog (1915), isAwxI mwqw (1918), suKI pirvwr (1919), suKdyv
kOr (1920), pCqwvw (1920), iek is`K Grwxw (1923), kptI imqR (1926), suGV nUMh
(1913) suGV nUMh qy lVwkI s`s (1927), suSIl ivDvw (1931) Aqy dMpqI ipAwr (1920),
sRyST kulW dI cwl (1911), Aqy kmweI dI brkq (1912) Awid nUM Swiml kIqw jw skdw
hY[ ie`Qy ieh vI iDAwn r`Kx vwlI g`l hY ik ienHW ivcoN ‘isAwxI mwqw’ vrgIAW kuJ
rcnwvW dw Awkwr khwxI ijMnw Cotw hY[ BweI mohn isMG vYd brqwnvI bsqIvwdI pRbMD
ADIn Aw rhy p`CmI pRBwvW nwl iQVk rhI Dwrimk AwsQw, bdl rhI jIvn jwc Aqy
ivAkqIgq rucIAW dy pRbl hox qoN icMiqq hY[ auh ies sB nUM pMjwbI Aqy ivSyS krky
is`K smwj dy sMkt dy qOr ‘qy dyKdw hY[ auh Awpxy nwvlW ivc p`CmI-AMgryzI
siBAwcwr, p`CmI iv`idAw Aqy jIvn SYlI nUM Apxw ky sMkt ivc Ps gey pwqrW dI hoxI
nUM ibAwndw hY Aqy ies ivcoN bwhr inklx dw rsqw suJwauNdw hY[ ienHW dy nwvlW
ivc is`KW nUM Awpxy Drm ivc p`ky hox dy nwl dy nwl nwl sMswrk qOr ‘qy s&l
jIvn ijaux dI qrkIb vI suJweI geI hY[auh BweI vIr isMG vWg AqIq dy nwiekW dw
AwdrSk ic`qr nhIN auswrdw sgoN pMjwbI-BwrqI siBAwcwr dIAW kdrW kImqW Aqy jIvn
SYlI nUM gOrvSwlI Aqy AwdrSk rUp ivc pyS krdw hY[
BweI mohn isMG qoN
bwAd crn isMG ShId (1881-1935) mu`Fly dOr dw pRmu`K nwvlkwr hY[
aus ny nwvlW qoN ielwvw khwxIAW Aqy hwsrs kivqw dI rcnw vI kIqI[ aus ny dlyr
kOr (1911), bhwdr rxjIq kOr (1913), cMcl mUrqI (imqIhix) Awid nwvlW dI rcnw
kIqI[ ShId dy nwvl isMG sBw lihr dy AwiSAW dy Anuswr is`K pCwx dy gOrv nUM
sQwipq krn dy mMqv nwl ilKy gey hn[ ieh nwvl leI 18vIN sdI dy is`K imslW dy sMGrSmeI
ieiqhws dy rUpk-ibrqWqW hn ijnHW ivc bhwdrI Aqy cir`qrk pikAweI nUM auBwirAw
igAw hY[ ienHW nwvlW dy pwqr BwvyN BweI vIr isMG dy nwvlW dy pwqrW vWg dlyr Aqy
s^q jwn hn pr auh kdy kdy duibDw jW kmzorI dw iSkwr vI huMdy idKwey gey hn[
ieMJ aus dy nwvlW ivc pwqrW dI mwniskqw nUM vDyry XQwrQmeI rUp ivc drswaux dI
koiSS kIqI geI hY[
ies pRkwr isMG
sBw lihr dy AwiSAw dI pUrqI leI ilKy gey nwvl dy rcnwkwr dI mu`K icMqW is`KW dI
v`KrI pCwx nUM sQwipq krn dI hY Aqy auh cwhuMdw hY ik is`K eIsweIAq dy pRBwv
qoN vI bicAw rhy Aqy AwrIAw smwj dy pRBwv hyTW vI nw Awvy[ ienHW nwvlW dI
pwqrwvlI ivc sMprdwiek jW jwqI pCwx dy AwDwr ‘qy pwqrW nUM cMgy mwVy ikrdwr dw
mwlk drswieAw igAw hY[ BweI vIr isMG Aqy crn isMG ShId dy nwvlW ivc is`K pwqr
au`cy ikrdwr vwly sUrbIr XoDy hn, muslmwn DoKybwz Aqy zwlm hn Aqy ihMdU frpok
Aqy ADIngI mMnx vwly hn[ so ieh nwvl is`K pCwx dw AwdrSIkrn krdw hoieAw pwqrW
drimAwn sMprdweik drjybMdI krdw hY Aqy nwvl dy mMqv nUM sIimq kr idMdw hY[
ies dOr dw iek
hor nwvlkwr Amr isMG Cwpyvwlw hY[ aus duAwrw rcy nwvlW ivc CotI nUMh jW l`CmI
(1912), Gr dw inrbwh (1907), sul`KI DI jW suc`jI ieMdR kOr (1911) Aqy pRym kOr
(1924) dw izkr AwauNdw hY[ aus bwry ikhw jWdw hY ik aus dIAW bhuqIAW rcnwvW
AMgryzI rcnwvW dw Anuvwd sn jW aunHW au~qy AwDwirq dI pMjwbI punr-isrjxw (Adaptation) sn[ ienHW nwvlW ivc
Awpxy kMm nUM pUrI qndyhI, lgn Aqy AnuSwsn nwl krn dw aupdyS id`qw igAw hY[ aus
dy nwvl sMswrk-smwijk jIvn ivc s&lqw pRwpq krn leI suJwA pyS krdy hn[ ies
p`Ko aus dI nwvlkwrI mohn isMG vYd nwl imldI hY[ ies qoN ibnw pMjwbI swihq Aqy
nwvl dy ieiqhwsW ivc kuJ hor nwvlkwrW dw izkr vI AwauNdw hY[ aunHW ivc hrb^S
isMG (SkuMqlw), hkIm suMdr isMG (cMdrkWqw), igAwnI hzurw isMG (dulhn) dw nwm
ilAw jw skdw hY[ ienHW nwvlkwrW dIAW rcnwvW nUUM AMgryzI rcnwvW au~qy AwDwirq
jW aunHW dy Ku~lHy Anuvwd jW punr-isrjx mMinAW jWdw hY[ ies dOr dw iek hor
nwvlkwr mIrW b^S imnhws hY[ aus dw nwvl nvwb ^wn (1927) hY[ ies
nwvl ivc pMjwb dy pyNfU jIvn dw ic`qr pyS kIqw igAw hY[ ies ivc ipMf dy lokW dy
mwnisk ipCVyvyN nUM pyS krn leI Aijhy pwqrW dI khwxI khI geI hY ijhVy AwpxI
i&zUl ^rcI dIAW AwdqW krky krzy dI dldl ivc Ps jWdy hn[ sMBv hY ieh nwvl
pMjwb dy pyNfU jIvn dIAW sMswrk-sm~isAwvW
bwry pMjwbI ivc iliKAw igAw pihlw nwvl hovy[
ies dOr ivc nwnk
isMG (1897-1971) dy mu`Fly dOr dy nwvlW nUM vI r`K skdy hW[ ienHW ivc &OlwdI
Pu`l (1923,1931) mqryeI mW (1924), kwl c`kr (1924), im`Tw mhurw (1926) Aqy pRym
sMgIq (1929) Awid nwvlW nUM r`K skdy hW[ ienHW qoN ibnw sulW dy syz (1933) nwmI
nwvl dw izkr vI AwauNdw hY[ ieh nwvl mUl rUp ivc bMgwlI nwvl ‘ieh v`fw Grwxw’
dw Anuvwd hY pr nwnk isMG ny ies nUM ihMdI ivcoN pMjwbI ivc Anuvwd kr ky CpvwieAw[
ies nwvl nwnk isMG dy AiBAwsI dOr dy nwvl hn, ies leI ieh nwnk isMG dI nwvlI
pRwpqI Aqy pRiqBw dI pRiqinDqw nhIN krdy[
ivAkqIgq suDwr,
romWs Aqy XQwrQ dw imSrx:
mu`Fly nwvl dI
Dwrimk suDwrvwdI idRStI qoN rcy gey ieiqhwsk rumWsW Aqy AqIq dI siBAwcwrk
ivrwsq dy AwdrSIkrn vwly nwvlW qoN bwAd smkwlI smwijk jIvn Aqy aus ivc sDwrx
mnu`K dIAW muSiklW nUM nwvlW dw ivSw bxwieAw jwx l`gw[ hux nwvlW ivc ivrwsq dy
nwkwrwqmk p`KW Aqy sQwipq nYiqk kdrW kImqW nUM Awlocnwqmk idRStI qoN dyKxw-prKxw
Aqy pyS krnw SurU hoieAw[ ienHW nwvlW ivc pyS izMdgI dIAW muSiklW Aqy aunHW
pRiq mnu`KI huMgwry qoN ieh sMkyq imldw hY ik nwvlkwrW ny mnu`K dI byhqrI nUM
AqIq dI bjwey Biv`K nwl joV ky dyKxw-smJxw SurU kr ilAw sI[ ies leI ieiqhwsk
qbdIlI pRiq aunHW dw idRStIkox Biv`KmuKI
Aqy pRgqISIl bxnw SurU ho igAw sI[ nwvlkwrW dI vsqU-idRStI Aqy rcnw idRStI ivc
ieh qbdIlI nwnk isMG qoN SurU krky gurb^S isMG pRIqlVI, jsvMq isMG kMvl, sMq
isMG syKoN, suirMdr isMG nrUlw Aqy mgrly nwvlkwrW dIAW rcnwvW ivcoN JlkdI hY[
nwnk isMG ny
Awpxy nwvlW nwl ivAkqIgq suDwr dy AwSy nwl smwijk jIvn dy mn&I p`KW dw
icqrx krnw SurU kIqw[ nwnk isMG ny Awpxy mu`Fly nwvlW qoN bwAd ic`tw lhU (1932)
Aqy piv`qr pwpI (1942) ijhy nwvlW dI rcnw nwl vDyry pRoFqw dw sbUq id`qw qy
pMjwbI nwvl nUM nvIAW sMBwvnwvW nwl joiVAw[ aus ny smkwlI smwijk msilAW nUM
Awpxy nwvlW dw ivSw bxwieAw Aqy Awpxy pwqrW nUM sMprdwiek v`KryvyN dI bjwey
aunHW dy ivAkqIgq guxW AOguxw dy pRsMg ivc icqrnw SurU kIqw[ aus ny smwijk
sm`isAwvW nUM Drm dI bjwey mnu`KI cir`qr dI aUxqweIAW nwl joV ky smJxw SurU
kIqw[ aus dy nwvlW ivc jIvn dy duKWq boD nUM pyS kIqw jwx l`gw[ nwnk isMG ny
kul 37 mOilk nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ aus dy nwvlW ic`tw lhU Aqy piv`qr pwpI qoN
ielwvw ipAwr dI dunIAW (1938), lv mYirj (1947), A`g dI Kyf (1948), Kun dy
soihly (1948), mJDwr (1949), ic`qrkwr (1950), Awdm^or (1951), k`tI hoeI pqMg
(1952), nwsUr (1953), iek imAwn do qlvwrW (1960), ienHW , koeI hirAw bUt irho
rI? (1964) Aqy ggn dmwmw bwijAw (1967) nUM pwTk vrg v`loN cMgw huMgwrw imilAw[
ienHW ivcoN aus dy nwvl ‘iek imAwn do qlvwrW’ nUM 1961 ivc BwrqI swihq AkwfmI
dw purskwr pRwpq hoieAw[ aus ny 1947 qoN bwAd Cpy Awpxy nwvlW ivc dyS vMf dy
duKWq Aqy Bwrq dy suqMqr hox qoN bwAd Awm bMdy dIAW muSiklW dy h`l nw hox Aqy
s`qw au~pr nvyN kwbz hoey SwskW dy iBRSt ivhwr nUM vDyry XQwrQmeI rUp ivc pyS
krnw SurU kIqw Aqy aus dI vsqU idRStI ivAkqIvwdI suDwrvwd dI bjwey smUhk qbdIlI
dy supny qoN pRBwivq hox l`gI[ siQqI pirvrqn jW cir`qr pirvrqn dI QW ivvsQw
pirvrqn dI cwhq dIAW soAW aus dy nvyN nwvlW ivcoN suxn l`gIAW[
ies auprMq gurb^S
isMG pRIqlVI ny ‘AxivAwhI mW’ (1938) rwhIN pRc`ilq smwijk-nYiqk ivDwn au`qy svwl
KVHy kIqy Aqy muh`bq Aqy kRWqI dI cwhq nUM joV ky pyS krnw SurU kIqw[ nwvl
AxivAwhI mW dI nwiekw &WsI dI zw pRwpq rwjnIqk kYdI nUM
Awpxw pqI mMn ky aus dy b`cy dI mW bxdI hY[ ies drimAwn mwstr qwrw isMG (pRym lgn), joSuAw &zl dIn (pRBw)
Awid ny pMjwbI ivc nwvl rcnw nUM
inrMqrqw b^SI[ mwstr qwrw isMG dy nwvlW ‘bwbw qygw’ Aqy ‘pRym lgn’ (1934) ivc pMjwbIAW dI qIbr ho
rhI rwjsI cyqnw v`l sMkyq kIqw igAw hY Aqy rwj Aqy smwj ivc qbdIlI leI aunHW dI
qVp Aqy kurbwnI dy mwdy nUM auBwirAw igAw hY[ mwtr qwrw isMG ny nwvl nUM smwjk-rwjsI
mnorQW nwl joiVAw[ joSuAw &zl dIn dy nwvl pRBw nUM pMjwbI dw pihlw
mnoivigAwnk nwvl ikhw jWdw hY ijs ivc bwhrly jIvn dy kwrjW dy nwl nwl pwqrW dy
mwnisk huMgwirAW nUM vI pyS kIqw igAw hY[
kRWqI dy rumWs
Aqy smwijk hkIkqW dy duKWq dI isrjxw v`l:
pMjwbI nwvl dw
Aglw AiDAwie jsvNMq isMG kMvl (1919-) dy nwvl ‘s`c nUM &WsI’ (1945),
suirMdr isMG nrUlw (1917-2007) dy nwvl ‘ipE pu`qr’ (1946) Aqy sMq
isMG syKoN (1908-1997) dy nwvl ‘lhU im`tI’ (1949) nwl Ku`lHdw hY[ jsvMq
isMG kMvl ny AwpxI nwvlkwrI dy mu`Fly dOr ivc nwvl ‘s`c nUM PWsI’ ivc
idAwnqdwrI Aqy s`cweI nwl slIkydwr jIvn ijaux dy AwdrS nUM auBwirAw Aqy s`c dI
ivroDI siBAwcwrk, rwjsI Aqy inAwiek ivvsQw dw ic`qr pyS kIqw[ sMq isMG syKoN Aqy
suirMdr isMG nrUlw ny AMgryzI nwvl dI mu`KDwrw dI XQwrQvwdI rcnw ivDI dy AnurUp
nwvl ilKy[ sMq isMG syKoN ny Awpxy nwvl ‘lhU im`tI’ ivc pMjwb dy pyNfU lokyl
nUM AwDwr bxw ky pMjwb Aqy ivSyS krky bwr dy ielwky dI ikswnI jIvn dIAW muSiklW
nUM pyS kIqw[ Awpxy dUsry nwvl ‘bwbw ausmwn’ (1971) ivc syKoN ny ihMdosqwn dI
AwzwdI dI jMg ivc Awm pMjwbI bMdy dy Xogdwn Aqy kurbwnI nUM auBwrirAw hY[ suirMdr
isMG nrUlw ny Awpxy nwvl ‘ipE p`uqr’ ivcN bsqIvwdI AwDuinkqw dy Asr nwl pMjwb
dy SihrI jIvn ivc Aw rhIAW qbdIlIAW dw pRikrqIvwdI ibrqWq auswirAw[ ies qoN
bwAd nrUlw dy nwvl rMg mihl (1950), dIn qy dunIAW (1954), jg bIqI (1954), lok
duSmx (1954), Awpxy prwey (1955), idl dirAw (1960), isl AlUxI (1962), rwhy
kurwhy (1981), rwqW hoeIAW v`fIAW (1983) Aqy g`lW idn rwq dIAW (1987) Awid
pRkwiSq hoey[ nrUlw dy nwvlW ivc pMjwb ivc rUp Dwr rhy Sihr dw Aks au`Brdw hY[ aus
dy nwvlW ivc siQqIAW Aqy irSiqAW dy jwl
ivc PwQy pwqr dI hoxI nUM pyS kIqw igAw huMdw hY[ ies leI aus dy nwvlW ivc koeI
pwqr nwiekqv nUUM pRwpq nhIN krdw[ nrUlW ny pMjwbI nwvl nUM XQwrQ icqrx nwl
joiVAw[
jsvMq isMG kMvl
ny smUhk AwdrS dI pRwpqI leI ivAkqIgq p`Dr qy sUrbIrqw nwl sMGrS krdy nwiek dI
isrjxw kIqI[jsvMq isMG kMvl ny iqMn drjn dy krIb nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI hY[ aus dy
nwvlW pwlI (1946), pUrnmwSI (1949), rwq bwkI hY (1954), isvl lweInz (1956),
rUpDwrw (1959), im`qr ipAwry nUM (1966),
jyrw (1968), lhU dI loA (1977), AYinAW ‘coN au~To sUrmW (1985), qoSwlI dI hMso
(1993) Aqy iek hor hYln (2001) nUM
mukwblqn vDyry pRis`DI imlI[ aus nUM qoSwlI dI hMso nwvl au~qy swl 1997 dw
swihq AkwfmI purskwr id`qw igAw[ kMvl mUl rUp ivc pMjwbI smwj ivc kRWqIkwrI
pirvrqn dI cwhq dw nwvlkwr hY[ auh pMjwbI ikswnI dI idRStI qoN sMswr Aqy
ieiqhws nUM dyKdw hY[ pMjwb dy ieiqhws ivc ijvyN ijvyN pMjwb dI ikswnI dI
idRStI Aqy rwjnIqk soc ivc Prk AwieAw hY, auvyN auvyN jsvMq isMG kMvl dw
idRStIkox vI bdldw irhw hY[ aus ny mujwrw lihr, nkslbwVI lihr, ^wilsqwn p`KI
lihr nwl hmdrdI pYdw krn vwly nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ kMvl dy nwvlW ivc nwiek bhuq
blSwlI huMdw hY[ ieh nwiek Awpxy in`jI ikrdwr Aqy mwnisk bl dy AwDwr ‘qy smwj
nUM kRWqIkwrI moV dyx dy supny dyKdw Aqy aunHW leI sMGrS krdw hY[ iesy leI kMvl
dy nwvl nOjvwnW ivc SOk nwl pVHy jWdy rhy hn[ienHW dy smwnWqr hI krqwr isMG
du`gl (1917-2012) ny Awpxy nwvlW rwhIN jIvn XQwrQ dy nvyN pwswrW nUM pRgt
krnw SurU kIqw[ aus ny ivAkqI nUM aus dIAW kwmuk AkWiKAwvW qy ivAkqIgq ie`CwvW
dy pRsMg ivc icqrxw SurU kIqw[ krqwr isMG du`gl dw pihlw nwvl AWdrW 1949 ivc
CipAw[ aus ny pMjwbI ivc 17 nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ aus dy nwvlW ivcoN nhuM qy mws
(1951), hwl murIdW dw (1968), AMmI nUM kI ho igAY (1982), Pu`lW dw swQ (1986),
nwnk nwm cVHdI klw (1989), qyry Bwxy () Aqy srb`q dw Blw () aus dI nwvlkwrI dI
v`Krqw nUM sQwipq krn vwly nwvl hn[ aus
ny Awpxy nwvlW rwhIN pMjwb dy ieiqhws nUM vI ibAwn kIqw hY Aqy smkwlI
jIvn ivclIAW smwijk sm`isAwvW nUM vI[ pr mUl rUp ivc iek romWitk nwvlkwr hY ijs
dw &oks pwqrW dy ivAkiqqv nUM aunHW dy mwnisk Aqy Bwvuk huMgwirAW smyq pyS
krn au~qy rihMdw hY[
ienHW qoN
ielwvw ies dOr ivc AMimRqw pRIqm (1919-2005) Aqy nirMdrpwl isMG (1924-2003) ny
vI pMjwbI nwvlkwrI dy QImk dwiery nUM vsIh krn ivc Xogdwn pwieAw[ AMimRqw pRIqm
ny 25 dy krIb nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI Aqy mUl rUp ivc ipAwr khwxIAW dy duAwly smkwlI
smwj ivclIAW bMidSW, nYiqk mwnqwvW dI Zir&q ivc sihkdI izMdgI Aqy dyS vMf
dy duKWq smyq hor smwijk sm`isAwvW nUM ibAwn kIqw[ aus ny Awpxy Awly duAwly dy
smwj nUM sMvydnSIl Aqy h`sws AOrq dy idRStIkox qoN pyS krn ivc pihl kIqI Aqy
AOrq dy AnuBv nUM pMjwbI nwvl dy rcnw sMswr ivc joiVAw[ aus dy pRmu`K nwvlW ivc
fwktr dyv (1949), ipMjr (1950), bMd drvwzw (1961), iek sI AnIqw (1964), c`k
nMbr C`qI (1964), id`LI dIAW glIAW (1968), hrd`q dw izMdgInwmw (1984) Awid nUM
Swiml kIqw jw skdw hY[
ies dOr ivc
nirMdrpwl isMG dy mu`Fly nwvlW nUM r`iKAw jw skdw hY[ bwAd ivc aus ny pMjwbI
ivc ieiqhwsk nwvl ilKx dI iprq pweI pr aus dw pihlw nwvl mlwh 1948 ivc CipAw
ijhVw nwvl G`t romWck-krwmwqI GtnwvW nwl buxI hoeI lMmI bwq vDyry sI[ ies dor
ivc aus dy nwvlW ivc sYnwpqI, aunqwlI vrHy (1951), iek rwh iek pVw (1956),
qRIAw jwl (1957) Amn dy rwh (1957) Aqy SkqI (1964) nUM Swiml kIqw jw skdw hY[ ienHW
nwvlW ivc nirMdrpwl isMG is`K ieiqhws dy pUrv AwdrS dI rOSnI ivc smkwlI bMdy dy
ikrdwr Aqy ivhwr ivc AweI igrwvt nUM pyS krdw hY[ ienHW nwvlW nUM nirMdrpwl
isMG dI bwAd dI nwvlkwrI dI mSk hI smiJAw jw skdw hY[ ies pRkwr ies dOr dw
pMjwbI nwvl mUl rUp ivc iksy nw iksy smwijk AwdrS nUM pRwpq krn leI AwdrS dI isrjxw
vwlw nwvl hY[
pMjwbI bMdy dI
smwijk-AwriQk siQqI Aqy mnodSw dy XQwrQ dI pySkwrI
pMjwbI nwvl
XQwrQ dI mnorQmUlk qy AwdrSmUlk isrjxw qoN audoN pwsw v`tdw hY jdoN pMjwb dI
vMf smyN qy ies qoN bwAd AwzwdI qy sMprdwiek sWJ dy AwdrS iqVkdy hn[ AMgryzW dy
cly jwx qoN bwAd ‘sB A`Cw’ ho jwx dy supny Aqy Awzwd i&zw dI im`Q dy iqVkx
qoN bwAd pMjwb dI cyqnw ivc ieh boD pYdw huMdw hY ik bMdy dy bhuqy msly ies leI
ijauN dy iqauN hn Aqy hwkm dy bdlx dy bwvjUd mnu`KI siQqI nhIN bdlI hY[ ies nwl
nyVy dw XQwrQ iDAwn iK`cx lgdw hY Aqy pMjwbI nwvlkwrI ivAkqIgq gux jW doS nUM
suKWq jW duKWq dw kwrx mMnx dI bjwey ivvsQw dIAW bwrIkIAW qy prqW nUM pyS krn
dy rsqy pY jWdI hY[ pMjwbI ibrqWq ivc AwzwdI qoN bwAd hoNd ivc AweI ivvsQw dw
Awlocnwqmk boD auqpMn hox l`gdw hY[ ies iksm dI rcnwqmk cyqnw dw pRgtwA pihlW
sohx isMG sIql (1909-2000) dy nwvlW qUqW
vwlw KUh (1963) qy jug bdl igAw
(1972) Awid ivc Aqy mgroN jw ky vDyry pRoF rUp ivc guridAwl isMG dy nwvlW mVHI dw dIvw qy Axhoey Awid ivc pRgt hoxI SurU huMdI hY[
sohx isMG sIql
dw pihlw nwvl ‘mu`l dw mws’ 1949 ivc CipAw[ aus dy kul 22 nwvl pRkwisq hoey
ijnHW ivcoN auprokq nwvlW qoN ibnW jMg jW Amn (1959), DrqI dy dyvqy (1962),
iecoigl nihr qk (1966) Awid nUM aus dI nwvlkwrI dy pRiqinD mMinAW jWdw hY[ Awpxy
mu`Fly nwvlW ivclI suDwrk rucI Aqy romWitqw qoN AgWh vDidAW sIql ny pyNfU
pMjwbI jIvn ivcly iviBMn vrgW dI AwriQk siQqI, mswijk sMbMDW Aqy jwqI-jmwqI
drjybMdI nUM XQwrQmeI rUp ivc pyS krnw SurU kIqw[ aus ny Awpxy nwvlW rwhI
sMprdwiek tkrwA ip`Cy kMm krdy AwriQk pRyrkW dI pCwx kIqI[ iksy vI iksm dI jMg
nUM aus ny mwnv-ivroDI vrqwry dy rUp ivc pyS kridAW AMD-rwStrvwd au~qy svwl
auTwieAw[ ieMJ sohx isMG sIql pMjwbI ivc XQwrQvwdI nwvl isrjx dI prMprw nUM
sQwipq krn vwly nwvlkwrW ivcoN iek hY[
ies auprMq guridAwl
isMG (1933-2016) pMjwbI ivc Aijhy nwvlW dI rcnw krdw hY ijnHW ivc AwzwdI qoN
bwAd sDwrx pMjwbI bMdy dy mn ivc p`srI inrwSw Aqy Axhoeypn dy Aihsws dI
qsvIrkSI kIqI geI hY[ aus dy nwvl mVHI dw dIvw (1964) ivc DrqI Aqy Drvws gvw
cu`ky aus ikrqI bMdy dI dI qRwsidk hoxI nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY ijs dw ^uSI,
supny, muh`bq Aqy snmwn ‘qy koeI dwAvw nhIN irhw[ ies qoN bwAd guridAwl isMG dy
nwvl Axhoey (1966), ryqy dI iek mu`TI (1967), kuvylw (1968), A`D cwnxI rwq
(1972), AwQx augx (1974), AMnHy GoVy dw dwn (1976), phu Putwly qoN pihlW
(1982), prsw (1991) Aqy Awhx (2013) pRkwiSq hoey[ aus ny Awpxy nwvlW ivc sDwrx
ikrqI pMjwbI bMdy dy qRwsdI dy nwl nwl aus dy sMGrS Aqy gOrv nUM vI pyS kIqw
hY[ aus dy nwvlW dw kyNdrI pwqr AwpxIAW siQqIAW nwl sMGrS krdw hoieAw hwr jwx
Aqy qbwh hox leI qW iqAwr hY pr iksy iksm dw smJOqw krn leI iqAwr nhIN[
guridAwl isMG s`qw Aqy smwijk pRbMD dy qS`dd nUM sihMdy sDwrx ikrqI bMdy dI
mwnisk qkVweI Aqy cir`qrk pikAweI dw nwvlkwr hY[
guridAwl isMG
dI ies prMprw nUM krmjIq isMG ku`sw (1953-1998) Awpxy nwvlW rwq dy rwhI (1979) qy rohI bIAwbwn (1983) nwl hor A`gy vDwauNdw hY[ aus dw pihlw
nwvl burky vwly lutyry 1977 ivc pRkwiSq hoieAw[ ienHW qoN ielwvw aus dy nwvl
A`g dw gIq (1985), z^mI dirAw (1991) Aqy Akwl purKI (1998) pRkwiSq hoey[ aus dy
nwvl ivc pMjwb dI hyTlI ikswnI dI siQqI Aqy sMGrS nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY[ auh
Awpxy nwvlW rwhIN pMjwbI smwj ivclIAW SoSxkwrI Aqy dmnkwrI siBAwcwrk bxqrW nUM
auGwVdw hY Aqy KyqI au~qy inrBr ikrqI lokweI dI hoxI nUM pyS krdw hY[ sohx isMG
sIql, guridAwn isMG Aqy krmjIq isMg ku`sw ijhy nwvlkwrW nwl pMjwbI ivc pihlI
vwr ipMf dI ikswnI qoN ielwvw hor ikrqI lokweI jW vDyry spSt SbdW ivc kiQq
nIvIAW jwqW dy pwqr ibrqWqk &oks ivc Awaux lgdy hn[
pMjwbI nwvl dy
ieiqhws dy ies dOr ivc XQwrQvwdI glpI ivDI dy nwl nwl AwDuinkqwvwdI-pRXogvwdI
glp ivDI dy nwvlW dI rcnw vI kIqI jw rhI sI[ ies glp ivDI dy AnuswrI nwvlkwrW
ivc surjIq isMG syTI (1928-1995) Aqy nirMjn qsnIm (1929- ) dw nwm pRmu`K hY[ surjIq
isMG syTI dy nwvl iek ^wlI ipAwlw (1960) ivc SihrI jIvn ivc hMFxswr irSiqAW qoN
auprwm hoey ivAkqI dI Btkxw Aqy inrwSw nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY[ syTI ny Awpxy
nwvlW ivc pwqrW dy kwrjW dI bjwey mwniskqw dy vyrivAW dy icqrx nUM izAwdw mh`qv
id`qw hY[ aus dy pRmuK nwvlW ivc k`lH vI sUrj nhIN cVHygw (1967), Awbrw kdwbrw
(1972), fubdy sUrj nUM slwm (1974) Aqy bdnwm sVkW (1979) dw izkr kIqw jw skdw
hY[ nirMjn qsnIm ny vI p`CmI AwDuinkvwdI nwvl dI qrz au~qy AwDuink mnu`K dy mno
sMswr nUM pyS krn dw Xqn kIqw hY[ aus dw pihlw nwvl ksk 1966 ivc pRkwiSq
hoieAw[ ies auprMq aus dy nwvlW ivc prCwvyN (1968), qRyVW qy rUp (1967), ryq Cl
(1969), hnyrw hox qk (1971), iek hor nvW swl (1974), jdoN svyr hoeI (1977),
gvwcy ArQ (1993) Aqy qlwS koeI sdIvI (1999) Awid pRmu`K hn[ nirMjn qsnIm ny
Awpxy nwvlW ivc sDwrx ikrqI bMdy dI duKmeI Aqy sMGrSmeI izMdgI qoN lY ky pMjwb
sMkt dy smyN sMprdwiek qxwE Bry mhOl ivc sDwrx bMdy dI Asur`iKAqw Aqy AinSicq
hoxI dw ibrqWq isrijAw hY pr auh bwhrI BOiqk sMswr Aqy mnu`KI kwrj dy vyrivAW
dI bjwey ies sMswr Aqy kwrj ivcoN lMG rhy bMdy dI mwnisk auQl puQl Aqy qxwE nUM
pyS krdw hY[
SihrI vwqwvrx
ivc ijauN rhI m`D SRyxI nwl sbMDq pwqrW dy mno-ivhwr dI pySkwrI nUM vDyry
gihrweI qy ivsqwr suKbIr (1925-2012) dy nwvlW rwq dw ichrw (1961) Aqy pwxI
qy pul (1970) ivc hwisl huMdw hY[ aus dy pRmu`K nwvlW ivc grdS (1973), sVkW
qy kmry (1974) Aqy A`Dy pOxy (1981) nUM Swiml kIqw jw skdw hY[ ies dOr ivc
nirMdrpwl isMG dy ieiqhwsk nwvl vwlhu in`kI (1960), KMinauN iq`KI (1962),
eyiq mwrg jwxw (1964) Aqy iek srkwr bwJoN (1967) vI pRkwiSq huMdy hn ijnHW ivc
is`K imslW dy sMGrS qoN lY ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj dy ^qm hox qk dy
ieiqhws nUM ibAwn kIqw igAw hY[ nirMdrpwl isMG dI nwvlkwrI ieiqhws dw romWs
isrjx vwlI hY[ ies ivc ieiqhws dI smkwlInqw Aqy Awlocnwqmk idRStIkox dI QW
ieiqhwsk nwiekW dy gOrv nUM auBwirAw igAw hY[ ies qoN ielwvw mohn kwhloN
(1934- ) vI ies dOr dw pRmuK nwvlkwr hY ijs ny rwvI dy nyVy dy ArD phwVI
ielwky dy BU-idRS Aqy sWsikRiqk ip`TBUmI ivc mwnv dIAW mUl ieMidirAwvI iK`cW
Aqy siBAwcwrk bMDnw dy qxwE nUM Awpxy nwvlW mClI iek dirAw dI (1970), byVI qy
bryqw (1970), prdysI ruK (1972), gorI ndI dw gIq (1975), bwrwdrI dI rwxI (1978),
kwlI im`tI (1986) Aid ivc pyS kIqw hY[ aus dw iek hor nwvl vih gey pwxI dyr
bwAd 2003 ivc pRkwiSq hoieAw ijs ivc pihly ivSvXu`D ivc mwnvI irSiqAW dI
qRwsidk hoxI nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY[
ies dy nwl hI
ies dOr ivc AMimRqw pRIqm dy nwvlW nwl SurU hoeI nwrI sMvydnw vwlI glpkwrI dI prMprw
ivc dlIp kOr itvwxw (1935- ) iek mh`qvpUrx hsqwKr dy qOr qy auBr ky swhmxy
AwauNdI hY[ auh ipqrkI ivvsQw ivc Aorq dI qRwsdI au~qy &oks krdI hY Aqy iek
zhIn sMvydnSIl AOrq dw ibMb GVdI hY[ aus dw pRQm nwvl AgnI prIiKAw hY jo 1966
ivc pRkwiSq hoieAw[ aus dy dUjy nwvl ieho hmwrw jIvxw (1968) nUM swihq AkwfmI
dw purskwr pRdwn kIqw igAw[ ienHW qoN ielwvw aus dy pRmu`K nwvlW ivc qIlI dw
inSwn (1970), vwt hmwrI (1970), dusrI sIqw (1975), srkMfiAW dy dys (1976), pIly
p~iqAW dI dwsqwn (1980), hsqw^r (1982), pYVcwl (1984), lMG gey dirAw (1990),
ijmI puCY Asmwn (1993) Aqy kQw kho aUrvSI (2000) dw izkr kIqw jw skdw hY[ ies
dy nwl hI AjIq kOr (1934- ) Awpxy nwvl gorI Aqy swvIAW icVIAW ivc sMgRihq
nwvlY`tW ivc SihrI pVHI ilKI Aqy AwpxI SrIrk qy mwnisk hoNd nUM jqwaux vwlI
AOrq dy msilAW qy sMktW nUM auBwrdI hY[ iesqrI srokwrW nUM pyS krn vwlI iek hor
nwvlkwr bljIq kOr b`lI (1939- ) hY ijs ny Awpxy nwvl TrI rwq (1982) Aqy Du`p dI
vwt (1994) ivc AOrq dI in`jI cox Aqy ausdy smwjI pRiqPl dy AwpsI dvMd nUM pyS
kIqw hY[
pMjwb sMkt Aqy
pMjwbI nwvl
ies auprMq
vIhvIN sdI dy nOvyN dhwky dy pMjwb dI sMkt siQqI pMjwbI nwvlkwrI dy ruK nUM moV
idMdI hY[ pMjwbI nwvlkwr ies sMkt siQqI nUM smJx-smJwaux dI pRikirAw ivc Aijhy
nwvlW dI rcnw krdy hn ijnHW ivc sMkt siQqI dy vsqU vyrivAW nUM p`qrkwrI dy p`Dr
qy pRgtwieAw igAw hY qy jW iPr aus siQqI bwry iviBMn ivcwrDwrweI pujISnw qoN
bihsW nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY[ ies iksm dI nwvlkwrI ivc inMdr ig`l, Em pRkwS gwso,
rwm srUp AxKI dy nwvl izkrXog hn[ ies sMkt siQqI dw vDyry gihrw qy gMBIr ic`qr
Swh cmn, jsbIr mMf qy blijMdr nsrwlI dy nwvlW ivc imldw hY[ pMjwb sMkt nUM
Awpxy nwvlW dw kQw vsqU bxwaux vwly inMdr ig`l dy nwvlW ivc pMjwb 84 (1986) Aqy
dihSq dy idnW ivc (1989) dw ivSyS qOr ‘qy izkr kIqw jw skdw hY[ iesy qrHW Em
pRkwS gwso (1933) dy nwvl q`qI hvw (1986) Aqy mOq dr mOq (1989) nUM ivcwirAw jw
skdw hY[ jsbIr mMf dy nwvl AOV dy bIj (1986) Aqy bwAd ivc Cpy nwvl Kwj (2010)
ivc vI pMjwb sMkt dy hoNd ivc Awaux dy AwriQk, siBAwcwrk Aqy mwnisk kwrxw dw
ibrqWqk ic`qr pyS kIqw igAw hY[ rwm srUp AxKI dy nwvl ijn isr sohn p`tIAW
(1988), dlIp kOr itvwxw ricq ijmI pu`Cy Asmwn (1991), Swh cmn dy nwvl z^mI
Zulwb (1989), qlivMdr isMG (1955-2014) dy nwvl XoDy (1998) Aqy blijMdr nsrwlI
dy nwvl vIhvIN sdI dI Aw^rI kQw (2004), hrmihMNdr cwhl dy nwvl blI (2010) Awid ivc pMjwb sMkt dy
iviMBMn pihlUAW nUM v``Kry v`Kry ivcwrDwrweI koxW qoN pyS kIqw igAw imldw hY[
ienHW nwvlW ivc ipAwrw isMG Bogl (1931- ) dy nwvl Syr dI svwrI (1995), im`qr sYn
mIq (1952- ) dy nwvl q&qIS (1990) Aqy kithrw (1993) nirMjn qsnIm dy nwvl guAwcy
ArQ (1993) Aqy krqwr isMG duu`gl dy nwvl PulW dw swQ (1986) dw izkr vI kIqw jw
skdw hY[ ienHW nwvlW ivc pMjwb ivc PYl rhy AwqMk, rwjkI puils duAwrw kIqy jw
rhy qS`dd, swkw nIlw qwrw, AkqUbr 1984 dw is`K kqlyAwm Awid dy vyrvy vI AwauNdy
hn Aqy ienHW duAwly ivcwrDwrk bihs nUM vI pyS kIqw igAw hY Aqy ies sB drimAwn
pMjwbI bMdy dI qxwaugRsq hoxI dI qsvIrkSI vI kIqI geI hY[
au~qr pMjwb
sMkt pMjwbI nwvl:
pMjwb dI
rwjnIqI dy idRSt p`Dr qoN ies sMkt siQqI dy nkS jdoN DuMdly pYx lgdy hn qW lgBg
ausy smyN sMswr rwjnIqI dy idRS ivcoN sovIAq XUnIAn ivc smwjvwdI inzwm dy Fih
FyrI hox auprMq smwjvwdI AwdrS au`qy pRSn icMnH l`g jWdw hY qy ivSv ivc iek
DruvI s`qw kyNdr dI sQwpnw nwl sMswr AwriQk pRbMD ivc v`fIAW qbdIlIAW vwprdIAW
hn[ ies smyN pMjwbI nwvlkwrI smwjvwdI AwdrSW qoN pwsw v`t ky mnu`KI AnuBv dIAW
bhuiBMn idSwvW vl Xwqrw krn l`gdI hY[ ies ivc rwm srUp AxKI vrgy (1932-2010)
nwvlkwr dw auBwr huMdw hY jo Awpxy nwvlW ivc mwlvy dy aup-siBAwcwr dy mhWkwivk
ibrqWq isrjdw hoieAw bdl rhy AOrq mrd sbMDW dy ivsiqRq ibEry rwhIN ivAkqIgq
kwmnw qy smUhk siBAwcwrk s`qw dy qxwE nUM pyS krdw hY[ aus dy nwvl koTy KVk
isMG (1985) ny pMjwbI pwTkW Aqy AwlockW dw iDAwn iK`icAw[ aus qoN bwAd aus dy
nwvlW ivcoN prqwpI (1993), du~ly dI Fwb, sl&ws Aqy BImw aus dy izkrXog nwvl
hn ijnHW nUM mwlvw AWcl dy pyNfU jIvn dy sWskRiqk dsqwvyj ikhw jw skdw hY[
ies smyN pMjwbI
ivc ijhVy nwvlkwr bVI srgrmI nwl nwvl rcnw ivc msrU& hn aunHW ivc mnmohn
bwvw, ieMdr isMG ^wmoS, bldyv isMG, im`qr sYn mIq, blbIr prvwnw, fw. mnmohn, jsivMdr
isMG, Awid dw nwm pRmuK hY[ ieh nwvlkwr iksy iek rcnw SYlI dy AnuswrI nhIN hn
Aqy nw hI iksy iek iksm dy jIvn AnuBv ivcoN QIm dI cox krdy hn[ ienHW duAwrw
ricq nwvlW ivc QIm, inBwE qy vsqU-idRStI dy p`KoN vMn-suvMnqw dyKx nUM imldI
hY[ mnmohn bwvw dI ^wsIAq ieiqhwsk nwvlW dI rcnw krky hY[ aus ny Awpxy nwvlW
X`Dnwd, Xu`gAMq, 1857 id`lI id`lI Aqy kwl kQw ivc pMjwb dy ieiqhs dy ivMiBn
XugW nUM Awpxy nwvlW dw kQw vsqU bxwieAw hY[ aus dy nwvlW ivc ieiqhws dI punr
ivAwiKAw huMdI hY Aqy auh ieiqhws nUM duhrwauNdw nhIN sgoN nvyN ieiqhws dI
isrjxw krdw hY Aqy AqIq bwry swfI jwxkwrI jW soJI nUM Awlocnwqmk pirpyK pRdwn
krdw hY[ ieMdr isMG ^wmoS ny pihlW pMjwb dy iv`idAk siBAwcwr Aqy hor smwijk
msilAW nUM pyS kIqw pr aus dI pCwx ieho ijhy nwvlkwr dy qOr ‘qy sQwipq hoeI ijs
ny ivSv swihq dy aunHW mhwn lyKkW bwry jIvnIAwqmk nwvl ilKy ijnHW dI pMjwbI
lyKk/pwTk vrg ivc au~GVvIN pCwx bxI hoeI hY[ aunHW nwvlW ivc qwlsqwey bwry kw&r
msIhw (2002), AMqon cYKv bwry smuMdrI kbUqrI (2008), dsqovskI bwry kuTwlI piAw
sonw (2009), puSikn bwry husnpRsq (2010), inkolweI gogol bwry AwdrSW dw vxjwrw
(2010) Aid dw ivSyS izkr kIqw jw skdw hY[
bldyv isMG (1943-
) dI nwvlkwr dy qOr ‘qy pCwx aus dy nwvl lwl b`qI (1999) nwl hoeI[ ies qoN bwAd
aus ny pMjwb dI ikswnI dI AwriQk mMdhwlI Aqy siBAwcwrk inGwr bwry nwvl AMndwqw
(2002) iliKAw ijs dw dUjw Bwg Kwku jyf nw koie 2013 ivc pRkwiSq hoieAw pr hux aus
ny pMjwb dy ieiqhws dy nwiekW dI ibrqWqkwrI nUM Awpxw mu`K rcnqwmk srokwr bxw
ilAw hY[ aus ny BweI jYqw bwry pMjvW sihbzwdw (2005), ShId Bgq isMG bwry sqluj
vihMdw irhw (2007), bMdw isMG bhwdr bwry mhWblI sUrw (2011), du`ly sUrmy bwry
FwhvW id`lI dy ikMgry (2009) Awid nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ aus dy nwvlW ivc nweikqv
dy auBwr dIAW ieiqhwsk prisiQqIAW nUM icqridAW nwiekW ivc sDwrx mwnvI guxW nUM
auBwrn au~qy vDyry zor id`qw jWdw hY[ im`qr sYn mIq (1952- ) ny Awpxy nwvlW
q&qIS 1990), ktihrw (1993), kOrvsBw (2003) Aqy suDwrGr (2006) ivc pMjwb dy
puils, inAwiek Aqy jylH pRbMD dIAW hkIkqW nUM auGwiVAw hY[ aus ny ienHW ivc
mujirmw, rwjnIqIvwnW Aqy puils dy iBRSt g`TjoV dy nwl nwl inAwiek izMmyvwrI
inBwaux leI inXukq j`jW dI Awpxy &rzW pRiq lwprvwhI Aqy koqwhI nUM vI pyS
kIqw hY[ joigMdr isMG kYroN (1941- ) ies dOr dw Aijhw nwvlkwr hY ijs ny nwdibMd
(1985) ijhy nwvl nwl pMjwbI nwvl dI ibrqWq ivDI nUM gqImwnqw b^SI sI[ aus qoN
bwAd ausny ‘sBnw ij`qIAW bwzIAW’ (1993), ‘rozw myA’ (2007), ‘bweIpolrW dy dys’
(2008), ‘nIly qwirAW dI mOq’ (2009) Aid nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ aus dy nwvlW ivc
kwmukqw dI iK`c Aqy sMsikRqk nym ivDwn dy nwl nwl s`qw dI Bu`K Aqy jIvn dIAW
swrQk kdrW dw qxwE drswieAw jWdw hY[ aus ny kwmukqw nwl sMbMiDq iviBMn guMJlW
Aqy svwlW nUM Awpxy nwvlW dy QImk sMswr dw bwg bxwieAw hY[ iesy qrHW blbIr
prvwnw vI smkwlI dOr dw nvW sQwipq hoieAw nwvlkwr hY[ aus ny Awpxy nwvlW in`ky
in`ky Xu`D (2008), ‘Awpxy Awpxy morcy (2009), gihr cVHI Asmwn (2010), kQw ies
Xug dI (2011), AMbr v`l aufwx (2012), KyqW dw rudn (2013) Aqy bhuq swry cursqy
(2014) rwhIN AwDuink pMjwb dy BU-idRS, AwriQkqw, kdrW kImqW ivc AweIAW qbdIlIAW
dw ibrqWq isrijAw hY[ aus ny pMjwb dI rwjsI cyqnw Aqy K`by p`KI rwjnIqI ivc
Awey pirvrqnw nUM vI Awpxy nwvlW ivc pyS krdw hY[ duAwby dI BUgoilk Awly duAwly
dI idRSkwrI Aqy aucwrxI BwSw dI vrqoN kwrx aus dI nwvlkwrI dI v`KrI pCwx bxdI
hY[ iesy qrHW Avqwr isMG ibilMg (1952) vI au~qr pMjwb sMkt dy dOr dw iek
izkrXog nwvlkwr hY[ aus dy pihly nwvl nrMjn mSwlcI (1997) nUM swihqk Aqy
Akwdimk jgq v`lo cMgw huMgwrw imilAw sI[ aus qoN bwAd aus dy nwvl KyVy suK
vihVy suK (2002), iehnW rwhW au~qy (2007) Aqy ru`q p`q kumlw gey (2012) Aqy
KwlI KUhW dI kQw (2014) pRkwiSq hoey[ aus dy nwvlW ivc pMjwb dy Fwhy dy ielwky
dI ikswnI jIvn dy v`K v`K pihlUAW dw bwrIkbIn ic`qr isrijAw igAw huMdw hY[ auh
pMjwb dy pyNfU jIvn dy nvyN ruJwnW nUM pCwxn dI koiSS krdw hY Aqy nvyN Xug ivc
audwsIn ho rhI pyNfU nOjvwn pIVHI dw ibMb isrjdw hY[
ipCly smyN ivc
fw. mnmohn dy nwvl inrvwx (2010) Aqy
jsivMdr isMG (1944- ) dy nwvl mwqlok (2011) nUM BwrqI swihq AkwfmI dy purskwr
pRdwn kIqy gey[ inrvwx iek dwrSink BWq dw nwvl hY ijs ivc Bwrq ivc drSn dI
prMprw ivcly AMqr-ivroDW Aqy ivcwr-sMvwd nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY Aqy nwl hI smkwl
ivc smwjvwdI kRWqI dy supny nwl juVy sMGrS dI siQqI nUM vI pyS kIqw igAw hY[
nwvlkwr s`c dI Bwl Aqy kRWqI leI sMGrS dI qulnw ivc muh`bq Bry swQ vwlI izMdgI
nUM sB qoN vfyry mnu`KI supny, s`c Aqy AwdrS dy qOr ‘qy pyS krdw hY[ jsivMdr
isMG Awpxy nwvl mwqlok ivc pMjwb sMkt Aqy aus qoN bwAd dy ieiqhwsk pirpyK ivc
AOrq mrd dy irSiqAW nwl juVy svwlW nUM nij`Tx dI koiSS kIqI hY[ irSiqAW ivc
smrpx, AwzwdI, izMmyvwrI, jvwbdyhI dy ivroDwBwsI BwvW nUM iksy sMquln ivc
ilAwaux dw svwl ies nwvl dw kyNdrI svwl hY[
au~qr pMjwb
sMkt dy dOr dy pMjwbI nwvl ivc auprokq nwvlkwrW dy nwl nwl guridAwl dlwl (pYVW
2013 ), pRgt isMG is`DU (Alivdw AmIrpur 2012), kyvl klotI (hoxI iek dyS dI
1993, GwtI puqligrW dI 2002, hoxI mnu`KI siBAqw dI 2010), dys rwj kwlI (SWqI
prv 2009), sqivMdr ku`sw (cwry kufW FUMfIAW 2004 ) Aqy drSn isMG (im`tI 2005,
BwaU 2007), ky.AYl. grg (DwrW vwlw pul , qmwSw 2008), nC`qr (in`ky in`ky Asmwn ,
hnyrIAW glIAW, sloA fwaUn 2012), Swh cmn (rwg ieSk) jsbIr mMf (Kwj 2010, bol
mrdwinAW 2015) Aqy prmjIq isMG j`j (ArQ , pCwx bdl geI ) Awid vI smkwlI pMjwbI
nwvl dy muhWdry nUM GVn ivc Awpxw ivSyS Xogdwn pwauNdy hn[
pwiksqwnI Aqy
prvwsI pMjwbI nwvl:
pMjwbI nwvl dI
rcnw p`CmI pMjwb (pwiksqwn) ivc vI ho rhI hY Aqy ivdySW ivc vI[ p`CmI pMjwb dy
nwvlkwrW ivc &^r zmwn qoN ielwvw A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw, slIm KW igMmI,
Aihsn btwlvI, kihkSW milk qy rzIAw nUr muhMmd Awid ny nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI hY[ &^r
zmwn (1940) dy nwvl bMdIvwn (1977) s`q gvwcy lok (1977), iek mry bMdy dI khwxI
(1978), byvqnw (1989), kmzwq (2001), Aqy qUM ik mYN (2005) Awpxy QImk jgq Aqy
ivSyS ibrqWqk ivDI krky mh`qv dy DwrxI hn[ aus ny pwkisqwn ivc mwrSl lwA l`gx
qoN bwAd dI rwjsI Aqy smwijk ivvsQw ivc dmn dw iSkwr bMdy dI hoxI dw ic`qr pyS
kIqw hY[ aus dy nwvl pRqIkW dI BwSw ivc Awpxw ArQ sMcwr krdy hn Aqy pRiqroDI
rwjnIqk ivcwrDwrw dw qIbr pRgtwA krdy hn[ iesy qrHW A&zl Aihmd rMDwvw iek
hor mh`qvpUrx nwvlkwr hY ijs ny duAwbw (1982) Aqy sUrj gRihx (1985) nwvlW dI
rcnw kIqI[ aus dy nwvl pMjwbI sMsikRqI dIAW prMprk kImqW dy gOrv nUM auBwrdy
hn[ duAwbw nwvl aus nwvlkwr dy AwpxI mwqBUmI pRiq hyrvy nUM vI pRgt krdw hY[
slIm ^wn igMmI (1932- ) Awpxy nwvl sWJ (1976) ivc do mulkW ivc vMfI geI
pMjwbIAq dy drd ivcoN pYdw hoieAw hY[ nwvlkwr ies ivc dovW pwisAW dy pMjwbIAW
ivclIAW lwzmI siBAwcwrk sWJW nUM auBwrdw hY[ muhMmd mnSw Xwd dw nwvl twvW twvW
qwrw (1997) vI pMjwbI pwTk vrg ivc mkbUl hoieAw hY[ ies nwvl ivc smkwlI
pwiksqwnI pMjwb ivc rjvwVwSwhI s`qw Aqy kdrW kImqW dy nwl tjrw rhy ikrqI-ikswnW
dI hoxI nUM pyS kIqw igAw hY[ nwvl drswauNdw hY ik v`fIAW zmInw dy mwlk
isr& AwriQk qOr ‘qy hI nhIN sgoN bOiDk Aqy mwnisk qOr ‘qy vI ikrqIAW nUM
nkwrw krn leI XqnSIl rihMdy hn[ ieMJ ieh nwvl pMjwbI sMsikRqI dy gOrv nUM
auBwrn dI bjwey ies ivclIAW dmnkwrI bxqrW nUM auGwVdw hY[ &rzMd AlI pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw iek hor
v`fw nwm hY[ aus ny Awpxy nwvlW qweI (1984) ie`k cUMFI lUx dI (1994), DwVvI (),
Aqy Bu`bl (1996) rwhIN pwiksqwnI pMjwb ivclI vrg vMf Aqy jwqI ivvsQw dy
SoSxkwrI srUp nUM auGwiVAw igAw hY[ aus dy nwvl Bu`bl nUM sB qoN izAwdw
mkbUlIAq imlI hY[ ieh nwvl ausqwd dwmn dw jIvn ibrqWq hY pr ies rwhIN nwvlkwr
ny pMjwbI smwj Aqy siBAwcwr ivc qkVy dy dbdby Aqy mwVy dy dmn dy BwvpUrq ic`qr
pyS kIqy hn[ ienHW qoN ielwvw piksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl ivc kihkSW milk dw nwvl
ic~kV rMgI mUrqI (1984), musqn~sr husYn qwrV (1939- ) dy nwvl pKyrU (1978) vI
mh`qvpUrx ilKqW hn ijnHW ny pMjwbI nwvl dy muhWdry nUM inKwrn ivc Xogdwn
pwieAw[
ivdySI DrqIAW
au~qy nwvl ilK rhy pRmuK nwvlkwrW ivc jgjIq brwV (Du`p dirAw dI dosqI 1967), rGuvIr
FMf (irSiqAW dI Xwqrw 1991), svrn cMdn (k`K
kwn qy dirAw 1981, kMjkW, aujwVw Aqy smW 2010 ), drSn DIr (lkIrW qy mnu`K 1991,
ieh lok 1996, pYVW dy Awr pwr 2001, hwSIey 2008, vihx 2011) hrjIq Atvwl (vn vyA
1999, svwrI 2005, ryq 2003, swauQwl 2009, ibRitS bOrn dysI 2011, Akwl shwie
2012 Aqy Awpxy 2016) swDU ibinMg (jugqU 2002), jrnYl isMG syKw (BgOVw 2003,
ivgocw 2009), pRo.hrBjn (jo hwry nhIN 2003, bldy isivAW dw syk 2006), nkSdIp pjkohw (igrvI hoey mn), iekbwl
rwmUvwlIAw (mOq iek pwsport dI 2005), ndIm prmwr (ieMdr jl 2004, ryp 2012, pySI
2006, spONsriSp 2009) blbIr kOr sMGyVw (jwL 2010), iSvcrn isMG ig`l (nmoSI 2011,
lwvwirs 2006) Aqy myjr mWgt (smuMdr mMQn 2013) Awid Swiml hn[ ienHW nwvlkwrW ny
Awpxy nwvlW ivc prdysI DrqIAW au~qy AwpxI hoNd dI sQwpqI leI sMGrS krdy pMjwbI
bMdy dI dwsqwn nUM pyS kIqw hY[ pIVHI pwVy qoN lY ky nslvwdI qS`dd Aqy mSIn nwl
mSIn ho ky Awpxy mnu`KI swr qoN ivrvy ho rhy Aqy bygwny siBAwcwr ivc jzb hox
leI qrly lY rhy pr iPr vI bygwny hox dI
pIV nUM sihMdy bMdy dI khwxI ienHW dy nwvlW ivc imldI hY[ pihlW pihl prvwsI
lyKkW duAwrw ilKy nwvlW ivc nv-prvwsIAW dIAW muSiklW dI qsvIrkSI hI kIqI jWdI
sI pr hux hrjIq Atvwl Aqy drSn DIr ijhy nwvlkwrW ny au~Qy jMmI jweI AwvwsI
pMjwbIAW dI qIjI-cOQI pIVHI dy jIvn-ibMb nUM pyS krn v`l pySkdmI kIqI hY[ ienHW
nwvlW ivc sQwnk siBAqw dy dbwvW Aqy pRbwvW ADIn AOrq Aqy mrd irSiqAW dI bdldI
ivAwkrx au~qy ivSyS qOr ‘qy &oks kIqw jWdw hY[ ieMJ prvwsI pMjwbI nwvl
pMjwbIAW dy iek v`fy ih`sy dI siQqI, sMGrS, supny, swhs Aqy myjbwn smwj Aqy
siBAwcwr nwl sMsrg nUM pyS krdw hoieAw pMjwbI nwvl dy AnuBv sMswr nUM vI AmIr
krdw hY Aqy pMjwbI nwvl nUM ivSyS muhwvrw Aqy muhWdrw pRdwn krdw hY[
pMjwbI nwvl dy
muhWdry nUM swkwr krn leI auprokq sUcnwmUlk AwlyK qoN spSt ho jWdw hY ik pMjwbI
nwvl ny ipCly sO qoN izAwdw swlW dy s&r dOrwn keI SklW bdlIAW hn[ mu`Fly
pMjwbI nwvl ivc Dwrimkqw Aqy AqIq dy nwiekW Aqy AwdrSW nwl moh qoN SurU krky
pMjwbI nwvlkwrI vrqmwn ivvsQw ivcly mnu`KI dmnkwrI cir`qr nUM auGyVn qk phuMcI
hY[ ies ivc AOrq mrd dI ijsmwnI iK`c Aqy kwmukqw nwl sMbMiDq hor aulJxw nUM vI
sihj rUp ivc pyS kIqw jwx l`gw hY[ ies ny pyNfU ikswnI dIAW muSiklW dy nwl nwl
vrx ivvsQw dy iSkwr dilq bMdy dy drd nUM vI pUrI gihrweI Aqy iS`dq nwl pyS krnw
SurU kIqw hY[pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl ny Awpxy ivl`Kx AnuBv sMswr Aqy idRStIkox
nwl pMjwbI nwvl ivc nvyN rMg Bry hn[ prvwsI pMjwbI nwvl ny prvws dy AnuBv dy
v`K v`K p`KW nUM pMjwbI nwvl ivc pyS krn dy nwl nwl ivdySW dy sMsikRiqk Aqy
Bugoilk idRSW dI sWJ pMjwbI pwTk nwl pvweI hY[
‘pMjwb dy lok-nwc’ pwT dw lyKk kOx hY?
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